Micronutrient loss during crushing and refining processes

2016 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 20-22
Author(s):  
Jennifer Régis ◽  
◽  
Florent Joffre ◽  
Frédéric Fine ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Refining Processes

Comparison between slag refining processes for B removal with metallurgical grade silicon and Si–Sn alloy

2018 ◽  
Vol 115 (3) ◽  
pp. 312 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rowaid Al-khazraji ◽  
Yaqiong Li ◽  
Lifeng Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Removal Efficiency ◽  
Acid Leaching ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Mass Ratio ◽  
Metallurgical Grade Silicon ◽  
Clear Effect ◽  
Slag Refining ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Grade Silicon ◽  
Refining Processes

Boron (B) removal by slag refining using CaO–SiO2–CaCl2 was investigated in metallurgical-grade silicon (MG-Si) and 75 wt% Si–Sn alloy. Experiments were conducted at 1500 °C for 15 min. The microstructure was characterized before and after refining. The effects of acid leaching, basicity, and slag/Si mass ratio on B removal were investigated. Experimental results showed that acid leaching had no effect on B removal from MG-Si but had a clear effect on the refined Si–Sn alloy after slag refining. The final B concentration was highly affected by the CaO/SiO2 mass ratio with minimum value, where the content of B was reduced from 18.36 ppmw to 5.5 ppmw at the CaO/SiO2 = 1.2 for MG-Si slag refining and from 18.36 ppmw to 3.7 ppmw at CaO/SiO2 = 1.5 for 75 wt% Si–Sn alloy. Increasing the slag mass ratio by 2:1 mass ratio also increased B removal efficiency by approximately 15–20% more than an increase by 1:1.

Sacrificial Protection Efficiency Calculations Based on the Results of Stochastically Simulating the Parameters

2021 ◽  
Vol 410 ◽  
pp. 566-571
Author(s):  
Svetlana S. Vinogradova ◽  
Ramilya F. Tazieva ◽  
Anna N. Akhmetova
Keyword(s):  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Oil Refining ◽  
Environmental Aspects ◽  
Protection Level ◽  
Protection Efficiency ◽  
Internal Surfaces ◽  
Protection Systems ◽  
Active Protection ◽  
Refining Processes ◽  
Sacrificial Protection

Unique corrosion conditions in oil refining processes lead to the necessity of using passive and active protection systems, aimed at preventing from damages and ensuring the correct operating conditions of machines. To prevent from the development of corrosion processes on the internal surfaces of horizontal settlers, sacrificial protection is used. Before installing such a protection, they usually calculate the number of protectors to be installed in parallel. Some inputs are stochastic by their nature, which should be considered in assessing the risk of non-achieving the required protection level. The probabilistic model proposed to calculate the parameters of sacrificial tank protection that allows performing an exploratory design based on considering various environmental aspects to decide on the efficiency of sacrificial protection and to assess the achievement of the required protection level.

scholarly journals Bio-oil transformation into 2nd generation biofuels

Paliva ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 98-106
Author(s):  
Tomáš Macek ◽  
Miloš Auersvald ◽  
Petr Straka
Keyword(s):  
Catalytic Cracking ◽  
Catalyst Deactivation ◽  
Commercial Application ◽  
Petroleum Feedstock ◽  
2Nd Generation ◽  
Marine Transport ◽  
Petroleum Fractions ◽  
Bio Oil ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Refining Processes

The article summarized the possible transformations of pyrolysis bio-oil from lignocellulose into 2nd generation biofuels. Although a lot has been published about this topic, so far, none of the published catalytic pro-cesses has found commercial application due to the rapid deactivation of the catalyst. Most researches deal with bio-oil hydrotreatment at severe conditions or its pro-cessing by catalytic cracking to prepare 2nd generation biofuels directly. However, this approach is not commercially applicable due to high consumptions of hydrogen and fast catalyst deactivation. Another way, crude bio-oil co-processing with petroleum fractions in hydrotreatment or FCC units seems to be more promising. The last approach, bio-oil mild hydrotreatment followed by final co-processing with petroleum feedstock using common refining processes (FCC and hydrotreatment) seems to be the most promising way to produce 2nd generation biofuels from pyrolysis bio-oil. Co-processing of bio-oil with petroleum fraction in FCC increases conversion to gasoline and, thus, it could be a preferable process in the USA. Otherwise, co-hydrotreatment of hydrotreated bio-oil with LCO leads not only to the reduction of hydrogen consumption but also to the conversion preferably to diesel. This process seems to be more suitable for Europe. Further research on bio-oils upgrading is still necessary before the commercialization of the bio-oil conversion into biofuels suitable for cars. However, the first commercial bio-refinery that will convert bio-oil into biofuel for marine transport is planned to be built in the Netherlands.

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