scholarly journals Technology Improvement Opportunities for Low Wind Speed Turbines and Implications for Cost of Energy Reduction: July 9, 2005 - July 8, 2006

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Cohen ◽  
T. Schweizer ◽  
A. Laxson ◽  
S. Butterfield ◽  
S. Schreck ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Energy Reduction ◽  
Low Wind Speed ◽  
Cost Of Energy ◽  
Technology Improvement ◽  
Technology Improvement Opportunities

scholarly journals Thermally Conductive Backsheets (TCB) of PV Modules: Positive Impacts on Performance, Lifetime and LCOE

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 1252
Author(s):  
Ashwini Pavgi ◽  
Jaewon Oh ◽  
GovindaSamy TamizhMani
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Temperate Climate ◽  
Specific Power ◽  
Low Wind Speed ◽  
Cost Of Energy ◽  
Pv Modules ◽  
Thermally Conductive ◽  
Cell Modules ◽  
Selection Of

The operating temperatures of photovoltaic (PV) modules can be impacted by the selection of specific packaging materials, e.g., backsheets and encapsulants. This research focuses on the evaluation of operating temperature reduction of one-cell modules by comparing conventional Tedlar/polyester/Tedlar (TPT) backsheet with novel thermally conductive backsheets (TCBs) materials. A large number of one-cell modules with two TCB types (TCB_A and TCB_B) and baseline TPT type were fabricated and installed in three different climatic conditions of the hot-dry desert in Arizona (high and low wind speed locations) and North Carolina (temperate with low wind speed location). In this study, these two TCBs were compared with conventional TPT backsheet in terms of performance, lifetime and levelized cost of energy (LCOE). The field results were analyzed for thermal performance of TCBs compared to TPT at three sites for two and half years. This study concludes that the thermal and electrical performances of the PV modules can be improved by using TCB_A in hot and dry climate sites and TCB_B at temperate climate sites. Therefore, the lifetime of TCB-based modules is expected to be higher than TPT-based modules. Using backsheet-specific power degradation levels and assuming the same cost for both types of backsheets, the LCOE of modules using TCBs is estimated to be lower than that of TPT.

scholarly journals Wind Turbine Optimization for Minimum Cost of Energy in Low Wind Speed Areas Considering Blade Length and Hub Height

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 1202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Han Yang ◽  
Jin Chen ◽  
Xiaoping Pang
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Wind Turbine ◽  
Unit Length ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Minimum Cost ◽  
Blade Length ◽  
Wind Speeds ◽  
Low Wind Speed ◽  
Cost Of Energy ◽  
The Cost

In recent years, sites with low annual average wind speeds have begun to be considered for the development of new wind farms. The majority of design methods for a wind turbine operating at low wind speed is to increase the blade length or hub height compared to a wind turbine operating in high wind speed sites. The cost of the rotor and the tower is a considerable portion of the overall wind turbine cost. This study investigates a method to trade-off the blade length and hub height during the wind turbine optimization at low wind speeds. A cost and scaling model is implemented to evaluate the cost of energy. The procedure optimizes the blades’ aero-structural performance considering blade length and the hub height simultaneously. The blade element momentum (BEM) code is used to evaluate blade aerodynamic performance and classical laminate theory (CLT) is applied to estimate the stiffness and mass per unit length of each blade section. The particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is applied to determine the optimal wind turbine with the minimum cost of energy (COE). The results show that increasing rotor diameter is less efficient than increasing the hub height for a low wind speed turbine and the COE reduces 16.14% and 17.54% under two design schemes through the optimization.

Two mechanisms for accelerated diffusion of COVID-19 outbreaks in regions with high intensity of population and polluting industrialization: the air pollution-to-human and human-to-human transmission dynamics (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mario Coccia
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Wind Speed ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Meteorological Condition ◽  
Meteorological Conditions ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Transmission Dynamics ◽  
Critical Threshold ◽  
Viral Infectivity ◽  
Low Wind Speed

BACKGROUND Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is viral infection that generates a severe acute respiratory syndrome with serious pneumonia that may result in progressive respiratory failure and death. OBJECTIVE This study has two goals. The first is to explain the main factors determining the diffusion of COVID-19 that is generating a high level of deaths. The second is to suggest a strategy to cope with future epidemic threats with of accelerated viral infectivity in society. METHODS Correlation and regression analyses on on data of N=55 Italian province capitals, and data of infected individuals at as of April 2020. RESULTS The main results are: o The accelerate and vast diffusion of COVID-19 in North Italy has a high association with air pollution. o Hinterland cities have average days of exceeding the limits set for PM10 (particulate matter 10 micrometers or less in diameter) equal to 80 days, and an average number of infected more than 2,000 individuals as of April 1st, 2020, coastal cities have days of exceeding the limits set for PM10 equal to 60 days and have about 700 infected in average. o Cities that average number of 125 days exceeding the limits set for PM10, last year, they have an average number of infected individual higher than 3,200 units, whereas cities having less than 100 days (average number of 48 days) exceeding the limits set for PM10, they have an average number of about 900 infected individuals. o The results reveal that accelerated transmission dynamics of COVID-19 in specific environments is due to two mechanisms given by: air pollution-to-human transmission and human-to-human transmission; in particular, the mechanisms of air pollution-to-human transmission play a critical role rather than human-to-human transmission. o The finding here suggests that to minimize future epidemic similar to COVID-19, the max number of days per year in which cities can exceed the limits set for PM10 or for ozone, considering their meteorological condition, is less than 50 days. After this critical threshold, the analytical output here suggests that environmental inconsistencies because of the combination between air pollution and meteorological conditions (with high moisture%, low wind speed and fog) trigger a take-off of viral infectivity (accelerated epidemic diffusion) with damages for health of population, economy and society. CONCLUSIONS Considering the complex interaction between air pollution, meteorological conditions and biological characteristics of viral infectivity, lessons learned for COVID-19 have to be applied for a proactive socioeconomic strategy to cope with future epidemics, especially an environmental policy based on reduction of air pollution mainly in hinterland zones of countries, having low wind speed, high percentage of moisture and fog that create an environment that can damage immune system of people and foster a fast transmission of viral infectivity similar to the COVID-19. CLINICALTRIAL not applicable

Creating the Wind Energy for Operating the 3-C-Section Blades Wind Car

2012 ◽  
Vol 622-623 ◽  
pp. 1188-1193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hüseyin Çamur ◽  
Youssef Kassem
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Angular Velocity ◽  
Wind Energy ◽  
Drag Force ◽  
Mechanical Energy ◽  
Main Shaft ◽  
Airflow Velocity ◽  
Low Speed ◽  
Low Wind Speed

The purpose of this work is to determine the drag characteristics and the torque of three C-section blades wind car. Three C-section blades are directly connected to wheels by using of various kinds of links. Gears are used to convert the wind energy to mechanical energy to overcome the load exercised on the main shaft under low speed. Previous work on three vertical blades wind car resulted in discrepancies when compared to this work. Investigating these differences was the motivation for this series of work. The calculated values were compared to the data of three vertical blades wind car. The work was conducted in a low wind speed. The drag force acting on each model was calculated with an airflow velocity of 4 m/s and angular velocity of the blade of 13.056 rad/s.

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