scholarly journals Per capita energy consumption and per capita income: a comparison of the United States with other wealthy western countries

1974 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. Milstein
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
The United States ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Western Countries ◽  
Per Capita

scholarly journals CONVERGÊNCIA E DIVERGÊNCIA NOS NÍVEIS DE RENDA PER CAPITA: UMA CRÍTICA À APLICABILIDADE DOS MODELOS NEOCLÁSSICOS DE CRESCIMENTO ECONÔMICO

2004 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Almeida Fonseca ◽  
José Luís Oreiro
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Growth Models ◽  
The United States ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
World War ◽  
Catch Up ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Neoclassical Growth

O artigo pretende analisar em que medida os modelos neoclássicos de crescimento econômico – mais especificamente, o modelo de Solow (1956, 1957), o modelo de Mankiw, Romer e Weill (1992) e o modelo de Romer (1990) – são capazes de explicar a divergência global nos níveis de renda per capita nos últimos dois séculos e a convergência nos níveis de renda per capita e o catch-up ocorridos entre Europa e Estados Unidos no período do Pós Segunda Guerra Mundial. Com efeito, trata-se de uma confrontação entre teoria e prática, de modo a analisar de que forma tais modelos explicam (ou não) os fatos supramencionados. No trabalho, demonstra-se que a ocorrência dos fatos anteriormente mencionados deveu-se fundamentalmente às diferenças do progresso técnico existente entre as economias (no caso da divergência) e à redução de tais disparidades entre os Estados Unidos e a Europa no período de tempo imediatamente após a 2.a Guerra Mundial (no caso da convergência e do catch-up). Na verdade, tenta-se demonstrar que os modelos apresentados não conseguem explicar satisfatoriamente os fatos ocorridos, sendo válidos apenas em casos específicos. O que o artigo se propõe a expor é que a realidade do crescimento econômico mundial é bastante diferente das conclusões dos modelos neoclássicos considerados. Abstract This work intends to analyze in which way the neoclassical growth models – more specifically, Solow (1956, 1957), Mankiw, Romer and Weill (1992) and Romer (1990) – are capable to explain the global divergence on the levels of per capita income over the last two centuries and the convergence on the levels of per capita income and the catch-up occurred between Europe and the United States after World War II. In fact, it is a confrontation between theory and practice, in order to view in which way these models explain (or not) the above-mentioned facts. During the present work, we demonstrate that the occurrence of these facts were mainly caused by differences on technological progress between economies (case of divergence) and the reduction of such disparities between the United States and Europe on the period of time immediately after World War II (case of convergence and catch-up). In fact, we try to demonstrate that these models are incapable to give a satisfactory explanation to the occurred facts, being only valid on specific cases. The work tries to propose that the reality of global economic growth differs considerably from the conclusions of the considered neoclassical growth models.

Migration and the Regional Redistribution of Nonearnings Income in the United States: Metropolitan and Nonmetropolitan Perspectives from 1975 to 2000

2005 ◽  
Vol 37 (9) ◽  
pp. 1613-1636 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter B Nelson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Social Security ◽  
New England ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Advanced Economies ◽  
Investment Income ◽  
Per Capita

Many advanced economies have an aging population that relies heavily on government pensions, social security, and privately held investment-based income. In the United States the geography of social security and investment income (collectively called nonearnings income) is uneven. Furthermore, the ways in which migration serves to redistribute such income across space remain unstudied. This paper highlights regions in the United States that are becoming increasingly attractive to nonearnings income through migration. Overall, there is a consistent Rustbelt-to-Sunbelt shift in nonearnings income due to migration. These income shifts, however, are quite distinct between metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas. Starting in the late 1980s, nonmetropolitan portions of the Rustbelt enjoyed net gains in nonearnings income through migration processes. Therefore, it appears that the migration systems which drew income away from the nonmetropolitan north during the 1970s are now shifting to some degree. Analysis further indicates that migration contributes to greater levels of economic disparity across space. Whereas flows of social security income are highly influenced by the aggregate level of migration, flows of investment income are more influenced by differentials in migrants' per capita income levels. Regions such as the Plains are attracting migrants with relatively low per capita nonearnings income whereas the Rocky Mountain and New England regions are attracting individuals with high per capita income. Destinations such as the Rocky Mountains and New England are likely to enjoy significant economic benefits as new sources of income arrive which are tied to migration, but the Plains region is left with less-well-off populations, which pose significant social and economic problems in such sending regions. As the population in the United States and other advanced economies ages, these processes of nonearnings income migration become increasingly important in shaping local and regional economic conditions.

The Potential for Industrial Energy Conservation in California

1981 ◽  
Vol 103 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-60
Author(s):  
D. Dornfeld ◽  
P. Benenson ◽  
R. Barnes
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Conservation ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
The United States ◽  
Industrial Growth ◽  
Basic Approach ◽  
Industrial Energy ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Per Capita Consumption

The industrial energy conservation scenarios developed in this study show the combined effect on energy consumption of implementing a number of conservation measures. The scenarios include assumptions about economic, demographic and behavioral, and technological variables such as population, industrial growth, and conservation implementation levels. The basic approach for the conservation scenario construction is to quantify base year (1974) per capita energy consumption by industrial subsector, reduce per capita consumption by the estimated conservation potential in the appropriate year, and extrapolate by industrial and population growth. The scenario projects significant reductions in energy consumption. The estimated savings of 2.7 × 1015 BTU (2.9 × 1018 Joules) in 2020 is approximately 30% less than the estimated energy consumption without conservation. Although the scenario was calculated for California industry, the estimates of individual conservation potentials are applicable to other regions of the United States.

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