scholarly journals Stripper and target foil techniques at GSI Darmstadt

1985 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.E. Galvin ◽  
I.G. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Target Foil

scholarly journals Comparison of femtosecond laser-driven proton acceleration using nanometer and micrometer thick target foils

2011 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 437-446 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Schnürer ◽  
A.A. Andreev ◽  
S. Steinke ◽  
T. Sokollik ◽  
T. Paasch-Colberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Laser Pulses ◽  
Record Values ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
Thick Target ◽  
Intense Laser ◽  
Ion Acceleration ◽  
Target Area ◽  
Target Foil ◽  
Thin Foils ◽  
Ion Energies

AbstractAdvancement of ion acceleration by intense laser pulses is studied with ultra-thin nanometer-thick diamond like carbon and micrometer-thick Titanium target foils. Both investigations aim at optimizing the electron density distribution which is the key for efficient laser driven ion acceleration. While recently found maximum ion energies achieved with ultra-thin foils mark record values micrometer thick foils are flexible in terms of atomic constituents. Electron recirculation is one prerequisite for the validity of a very simple model that can approximate the dependence of ion energies of nanometer-thick targets when all electrons of the irradiated target area interact coherently with the laser pulse and Coherent Acceleration of Ions by Laser pulses (CAIL) becomes dominant. Complementary experiments, an analytical model and particle in cell computer simulations show, that with regard to ultra-short laser pulses (duration ~45 fs at intensities up to 5 × 1019 W/cm2) and a micrometer-thick target foil with higher atomic number a close to linear increase of ion energies manifests in a certain range of laser intensities.

scholarly journals Target foil rupture scenario and provision for handling different models of medical cyclotrons used in India

2009 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 161 ◽  
Author(s):  
SD Sharma ◽  
Rajesh Kumar ◽  
B Sarin ◽  
VS Shaiju
Keyword(s):  
Target Foil

Novel technique of making thin target foil of high density material via rolling method

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. K. Gupta ◽  
Aman Rohilla ◽  
R. P. Singh ◽  
Gurjot Singh ◽  
S. K. Chamoli
Keyword(s):  
High Density ◽  
Thin Target ◽  
Novel Technique ◽  
Target Foil ◽  
Rolling Method

Target foil motion

1976 ◽  
Vol 136 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
William C. Corwin
Keyword(s):  
Target Foil

Interstitial-Atom Trapping and Deuterium Localization at 57Co Impurities in Cu

1980 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.T. Ma ◽  
B. Makowski ◽  
M. Marcuso ◽  
P. Boolchand
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Impurity Atom ◽  
High Purity ◽  
Interstitial Atom ◽  
Atom Trapping ◽  
Substitutional Site ◽  
Post Irradiation ◽  
Graaff Accelerator ◽  
Target Foil

ABSTRACTA high purity Cu target foil doped with 57Co and cooled to 80 K has been deuteron irradiated (E = 2 MeV to .5 MeV) using a Van de Graaff accelerator. In-situ Mössbauer spectra of the target were taken as a function of deuterium dose and post irradiation annealing. Two new 57Co sites are observed in addition to the original substitutional site. The new site ‘1’, populated at low temperature following the irradiations is identified with a 57Co impurity atom having Cu-interstitials trapped in its immediate vicinity. The new site ‘2’, populated on annealing the target above 360 K is believed to represent a 57Co impurity having deuterium localized in its vicinity.

scholarly journals Usefulness of a familiarity signal during recognition depends on test format: Neurocognitive evidence for a core assumption of the CLS framework

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Regine Bader ◽  
Axel Mecklinger ◽  
Patric Meyer
Keyword(s):  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Small Difference ◽  
Forced Choice ◽  
Learning Systems ◽  
Test Format ◽  
Recognition Judgment ◽  
Memory Tests ◽  
Amplitude Difference ◽  
Target Foil ◽  
The Mean

AbstractFamiliarity-based discrimination between studied target items and similar foils in yes/no recognition memory tests is relatively poor. According to the complementary learning systems (CLS) framework this is due do a relatively small difference in familiarity strength between these two item classes. The model, however, also predicts that when targets and corresponding similar foils are presented next to each other in a forced-choice corresponding (FCC) test format, familiarity values for targets and foils can be directly compared because in each trial, targets are reliably more familiar than their corresponding foils. In contrast, when forced-choice displays contain non-corresponding foils (FCNC) which are similar to other studied items (but not the target), familiarity should not be diagnostic because familiarity values are not directly comparable (as in yes/no-tasks). We compared ERP old/new effects (ERPs of targets vs. foils) when participants were tested with FCC vs. FCNC displays after having intentionally encoded pictures of objects. As predicted, the mid-frontal old/new effect which is associated with familiarity was significantly larger in FCC compared to FCNC displays. Moreover, the target-foil amplitude difference predicted the accuracy of the recognition judgment in a given trial. This is one of the very few studies which support the assumption of the CLS framework that the test format can influence the diagnosticity of familiarity. Moreover, it implies that the mid-frontal old/new effect does not reflect the mean difference in the familiarity signal itself between studied and non-studied items but reflects the task-adequate assessment of the familiarity signal.

Visual and Semantic Processing of Living Things and Artifacts: An fMRI Study

2010 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 554-570 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gian Daniele Zannino ◽  
Ivana Buccione ◽  
Roberta Perri ◽  
Emiliano Macaluso ◽  
Emanuele Lo Gerfo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Processing ◽  
Semantic Processing ◽  
Temporal Cortex ◽  
Semantic Category ◽  
Semantic Distance ◽  
Matching Task ◽  
Category Specificity ◽  
Target Foil ◽  
Living Things ◽  
Fmri Study

We carried out an fMRI study with a twofold purpose: to investigate the relationship between networks dedicated to semantic and visual processing and to address the issue of whether semantic memory is subserved by a unique network or by different subsystems, according to semantic category or feature type. To achieve our goals, we administered a word–picture matching task, with within-category foils, to 15 healthy subjects during scanning. Semantic distance between the target and the foil and semantic domain of the target–foil pairs were varied orthogonally. Our results suggest that an amodal, undifferentiated network for the semantic processing of living things and artifacts is located in the anterolateral aspects of the temporal lobes; in fact, activity in this substrate was driven by semantic distance, not by semantic category. By contrast, activity in ventral occipito-temporal cortex was driven by category, not by semantic distance. We interpret the latter finding as the effect exerted by systematic differences between living things and artifacts at the level of their structural representations and possibly of their lower-level visual features. Finally, we attempt to reconcile contrasting data in the neuropsychological and functional imaging literature on semantic substrate and category specificity.

scholarly journals The Discovery and Interpretation of Evidence Accumulation Stages

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leendert van Maanen ◽  
Oscar Portoles ◽  
Jelmer P. Borst
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Recognition Task ◽  
Associative Recognition ◽  
Parameter Estimates ◽  
Evidence Accumulation ◽  
Target Foil ◽  
Eeg Data ◽  
Dot Motion ◽  
Discovery Method ◽  
Speed Accuracy

AbstractTo improve the understanding of cognitive processing stages, we combined two prominent traditions in cognitive science: evidence accumulation models and stage discovery methods. While evidence accumulation models have been applied to a wide variety of tasks, they are limited to tasks in which decision-making effects can be attributed to a single processing stage. Here, we propose a new method that first uses machine learning to discover processing stages in EEG data and then applies evidence accumulation models to characterize the duration effects in the identified stages. To evaluate this method, we applied it to a previously published associative recognition task (Application 1) and a previously published random dot motion task with a speed-accuracy trade-off manipulation (Application 2). In both applications, the evidence accumulation models accounted better for the data when we first applied the stage-discovery method, and the resulting parameter estimates where generally in line with psychological theories. In addition, in Application 1 the results shed new light on target-foil effects in associative recognition, while in Application 2 the stage discovery method identified an additional stage in the accuracy-focused condition — challenging standard evidence accumulation accounts. We conclude that the new framework provides a powerful new tool to investigate processing stages.

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