scholarly journals Determination of alternative fuels combustion products: Phase 3 report

1997 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.A. Whitney
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Combustion Products ◽  
Phase 3

Determination of Traces Heavy Metals from Solid Residues Formed by Combustion of Lignite in Relation to Degree of Accessibility in Soil and Plants

2017 ◽  
Vol 68 (10) ◽  
pp. 2363-2366
Author(s):  
Delia Nica Badea
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Power Plant ◽  
Thermal Power ◽  
Reference Value ◽  
Combustion Products ◽  
Toxic Heavy Metals ◽  
Area Of Influence ◽  
Risk Potential

The paper evaluates the presence and content of traces of heavy metals Hg, Pb, Ni, Cd (total forms) from coal and solid combustion products, the degree of transfer and accessibility in the area of influence of a lignite power plant. The content of toxic heavy metals in residues are characterized by RE Meiji [ 1 (Pb and Hg) and REMeij �1 (Ni and Cd) for the filter ash. Pb and Ni content in the soil exceeds normal values, and Pb exceeds and alert value for sensitive soils around the residue deposit (70.20 mg.Kg-1). The degree of accessibility of the metals in plants (TF), reported at the Khan reference value (0.5), indicates a significant bioaccumulation level for the metals: Cd (1.9) and Hg (0.6) inside the deposit; Cd (0.39) at the base of the deposit, Hg (0.8) in the area of the thermal power plant. The trace levels of heavy metals analyzed by GFAAS and CVAAS (Hg), indicates a moderate risk potential for food safety and quality of life in the studied area.

Simplified Version of the Ampoule–Persulfate Method for Determination of Dissolved Organic Carbon

1987 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 214-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
William H. McDowell ◽  
Jonathan J. Cole ◽  
Charles T. Driscoll
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Dissolved Organic Carbon ◽  
Automated Analysis ◽  
Combustion Products ◽  
Technical Grade ◽  
Digestion Procedure ◽  
Wet Digestion ◽  
Simplified Method ◽  
Continuous Stream

A simplified method for the determination of dissolved organic carbon is based upon the ampoule–persulfate wet digestion procedure. The modification proposed involves use of a continuous stream of sparging gas (technical grade oxygen) during the ampoule sealing process to minimize entry of combustion products from the sealing flame. The method provides reliable results with a minimum of training and equipment compared with other methods of sealing ampoules. Further, the proposed method is inexpensive, relatively simple, and compares favorably with costly, automated analysis of dissolved organic carbon.

scholarly journals Determination of Particles and Carcinogenic Compounds Emitted by Combustion of Diesel and Diesel:Biodiesel Blends

Proceedings ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (23) ◽  
pp. 1505
Author(s):  
Samantha Arteaga-Del Angel ◽  
Brenda L. Valle-Hernandez ◽  
Violeta Mugica-Alvarez
Keyword(s):  
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Diesel Emissions ◽  
Ultrasound Assisted Extraction ◽  
Assisted Extraction ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic

Among the main pollutants emitted into the atmosphere by diesel combustion are the particles. Most of the studies suggest that the greatest impact on health by the particles is caused by some of the organic compounds such as the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, which are highly toxic and carcinogenic compounds. Some of the strategies that are being implemented to mitigate these harmful particles emissions are the use of alternative fuels, such as biodiesel. In this research, the characterization of six fuels (diesel and five biodiesel, obtained from different raw materials) was carried out. Diesel:Biodiesel blends were prepared at 5, 10 and 20% of biodiesel on proportion to the diesel (B5, B10 and B20). Additionally, B100 was analyzed for some biodiesels. The particles emitted by the combustion of the different fuels were sampled and their concentration was determined. The organic compounds were extracted from the particles by ultrasound-assisted extraction and subsequently the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). In this study, it was observed that the use of biodiesel decreases the emission of particle concentration, but it is not significant. In the case of the concentrations of carcinogenic compounds (PAHs), the B20 biodiesel blends emissions had a statistically significant reduction compared to diesel emissions.

scholarly journals Navigating the Quagmire: Comparison and Interpretation of COVID-19 Vaccine Phase 1/2 Clinical Trials

Vaccines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 746
Author(s):  
Luca Tudor Giurgea ◽  
Matthew James Memoli
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Events ◽  
Protective Efficacy ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Phase 3 ◽  
Serious Adverse Events ◽  
Safety Studies ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
Public Health Strategies

Vaccines against Coronavirus Disease 2019 Originated-19) have been developed with unprecedented rapidity, many utilizing novel strategies. As of November 2020, a series of publications have outlined the results of phase 1/2 studies of nine different vaccines planned to move forward to phase 3 trials. The results are encouraging, demonstrating a paucity of severe or serious adverse events and robust induction of antibody titers. Determination of the vaccine candidates with the highest protective efficacy and best adverse event profiles will be essential in refining public health strategies. However, differences in study design and reporting of data make comparisons of existing phase 1/2 studies difficult. With respect to safety, studies have variable follow-up times and may use different definitions for adverse events. Immunogenicity outcomes are even more inconsistent, with variations in timepoints and critical differences in the types of antibodies studied as well as methodological differences in assays. Furthermore, the correlates of protection in COVID-19 are not known. Harmonization of phase 3 trial designs and use of objective and meaningful clinical outcomes will be crucial in streamlining future global responses to the pandemic.

Determination of the equilibrium compositions of combustion products

1984 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 164-172
Author(s):  
M. M. Kitain ◽  
E. I. Katin
Keyword(s):  
Combustion Products

Energy Savings and Pollution Reduction by Coupling a Three-Kiln Brick Production System for the Construction Industry

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosa H. Cha´vez ◽  
Javier de J. Guadarrama ◽  
Leticia Carapia ◽  
Abel Herna´ndez-Guerrero
Keyword(s):  
Construction Industry ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Health Hazard ◽  
Coupled System ◽  
Combustion Products ◽  
Brick Kilns ◽  
General Law ◽  
Preventive Actions ◽  
Heavy Fuels

Atmospheric pollution is one of the most important environmental problems, becoming a phenomenon that could reach levels of serious consequences with irreversible environmental impacts. In Mexico, like in several other countries, brick makers carry out brick production by burning mixtures of different heavy fuels. Because of the wide variety of fuels used it is necessary to determine what types of residual gases are generated, in order to propose remedial treatments in production or to introduce substitution technologies. These preventive actions need to be put in place in order to comply with the Ecological Balance and Environment Protection General Law. Brick kilns emit pollutant gases and particles that remain in the air causing a serious health hazard to the near-factory residents. Amongst these pollutants are carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur oxides (SOx) and hydrocarbons. This paper presents the results of the analysis of a novel 3-kilns coupled system. This experimental analysis includes the determination of the combustion products for gases and particulate matter generated from the burning of the heavy fuels using Gas Chromatography and Scanning Electron Microscopy. Field data also allowed the determination of energy savings for this system, mainly due to the reduction of the consumption of fuel. Fortunately these results show a combined 30% energy savings and a reduction of pollutants and particle emissions.

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