scholarly journals Investigation of sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate and water systems for saturated solar ponds. Final report

1980 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
Sodium Carbonate ◽  
Water Systems ◽  
Final Report ◽  
Solar Ponds

5: Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Sodium Sesquicarbonate, Sodium Bicarbonate, and Sodium Carbonate

1987 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-138 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
Cell Cultures ◽  
Sodium Carbonate ◽  
Safety Assessment ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Final Report ◽  
Cosmetic Products ◽  
High Concentrations

Sodium Sesquicarbonate, Sodium Carbonate, and Sodium Bicarbonate are used in cosmetic products at concentrations ranging up to 50%. The LD50 in rats for Sodium Bicarbonate ranged from 7.6 g/kg to 8.9 g/kg. Sodium Sesquicarbonate, Sodium Carbonate, and Sodium Bicarbonate caused conjunctivitis. Sodium Bicarbonate was not an ocular irritant to laboratory animals. Neither Sodium Bicarbonate nor Sodium Carbonate was a teratogen to laboratory animals. Sodium Sesquicarbonate and Sodium Bicarbonate were not mutagenic to two different cell cultures. Dermatitis, but not sensitization, was observed in employees of a Trona (Sodium Sesquicarbonate) mining facility. Sodium Carbonate, but not Sodium Bicarbonate, is a skin and eye irritant due to the alkaline nature of its solutions, The cosmetic use of Sodium Carbonate at high concentrations is mainly limited to products designed to be diluted before use and in products where pH is buffered to near neutrality. It is concluded that Sodium Sesquicarbonate, Sodium Bicarbonate, and Sodium Carbonate are safe as presently used in cosmetics.

scholarly journals Defining features in the kinetics of sodium carbonate-bicarbonate solution carbonization and the quality of the resulting sodium bicarbonate crystals

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (10(112)) ◽  
pp. 38-44
Author(s):  
Mykola Porokhnia ◽  
Musii Tseitlin ◽  
Svitlana Bukhkalo ◽  
Vladimir Panasenko ◽  
Tetiana Novozhylova
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
Sodium Carbonate ◽  
Diffusion Resistance ◽  
Crystal Formation ◽  
Gas Velocity ◽  
Laboratory Equipment ◽  
Gas Consumption ◽  
Kinetics Of

This paper reports a study into the influence of temperature and gas consumption on the carbonization kinetics (saturation with carbon dioxide) of sodium carbonate-bicarbonate solution. The study also examined the quality and speed of crystal formation in this process. This research is predetermined by the environmental problems faced by modern enterprises that produce purified sodium bicarbonate – an insufficient degree of carbonization and, as a result, excessive air pollution with carbon dioxide, which did not participate in the reaction during the process. This study addresses these particular issues. As a result of using specialized laboratory equipment, it was found that an increase in the absorbent temperature from 79 to 85 °C leads to a decrease in the maximum degree of carbonization of the solution from 64 to 59 %. In contrast, the quality of the resulting sodium bicarbonate crystals improves but only in the range from 79 to 82 °C. With a further increase in temperature, the quality stabilizes. It is shown that the carbonization rate increases with increasing specific consumption of the absorbent (carbon dioxide) and is characterized by a negative correlation with the value of oversaturation of the absorbent in terms of NaНCO3. The quality of sodium bicarbonate crystals decreases with increasing gas velocity. Thus, it was reasonable to assume that the established dependence of the kinetics of carbonization of Na2CO3 and NaНCO3 solution on the gas velocity in the apparatus is explained by the inhibition of СО2 absorption, which is caused by the diffusion resistance of sodium bicarbonate crystallization. To improve the quality of crystals and the productivity of carbonization by reducing the supersaturation in terms of NaНCO3, it is recommended to introduce a seed crystal in the zone of binding of crystals in the carbonization columns.

THE EVOLUTION OF CARBON DIOXIDE IN THE A.-C. ELECTROLYSIS OF SODIUM CARBONATE AND BICARBONATE SOLUTIONS, AND THE DISCHARGE POTENTIALS OF CARBONATE AND BICARBONATE IONS

1934 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 539-546
Author(s):  
J. W. Shipley
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
Sodium Carbonate ◽  
Current Flow ◽  
Platinum Electrodes ◽  
Sodium Salts ◽  
Bicarbonate Ions ◽  
Carbonate Solutions ◽  
Bicarbonate Solutions ◽  
Discharge Potential

The a.-c. electrolysis of sodium carbonate solutions at voltages as high as 110, even when arcing occurs on the electrodes, does not cause the evolution of carbon dioxide. In the a.-c. electrolysis of aqueous bicarbonate solutions with platinum electrodes, hydrogen, oxygen and carbon dioxide are evolved freely until all the bicarbonate has been transformed to carbonate, after which the evolution of carbon dioxide ceases and only hydrogen and oxygen are given off. In a.-c. electrolysis of sodium bicarbonate solutions and solutions of the sodium salts of aliphatic acids, a deposit of finely divided platinum is formed on the electrodes. This deposit inhibits the evolution of carbon dioxide, hydrogen and oxygen, but does not affect the current flow. The decomposition potential of bicarbonate solutions in respect to the evolution of carbon dioxide on smooth platinum and with d.c. was found to be 2.2 volts, and of carbonate solutions, 3.5 volts. The anodic discharge potential of HCO3− is − 1.45 to − 1.50 volts, and of CO3−−, − 1.90 to − 1.95 volts. The evolution of carbon dioxide does not appear to cause any polarizing effect on the anode.

Evaluation of different salts for the control of lettuce varnish spot: when phytotoxicity rules

2018 ◽  
Vol 98 (3) ◽  
pp. 753-761 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maxime Delisle-Houde ◽  
Vicky Toussaint ◽  
Hicham Affia ◽  
Russell J. Tweddell
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
Sodium Carbonate ◽  
Sodium Benzoate ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
In Vitro Assays ◽  
Potassium Sorbate ◽  
Sodium Metabisulfite ◽  
Pseudomonas Cichorii ◽  
Foliar Symptoms

Five generally recognised as safe (GRAS) salts with antimicrobial activity were investigated for their potential use as bactericides for the control of lettuce varnish spot [Pseudomonas cichorii (Swingle) Stapp]. The phytotoxicity of salts was first assessed using greenhouse and in vitro assays. Greenhouse assays revealed that salts showed different levels of phytotoxicity. Potassium sorbate, sodium benzoate, and sodium carbonate at higher concentrations caused a noticeable decrease of growth along with foliar phytotoxicity symptoms while sodium metabisulfite and sodium bicarbonate caused exclusively foliar symptoms. Based on the phytotoxic doses 5% determined in vitro, salts can be ranked in ascending order of phytotoxicity as follows: sodium bicarbonate, potassium sorbate, sodium carbonate, sodium benzoate, and sodium metabisulfite. When applied at concentrations causing mild to moderate foliar symptoms of phytotoxicity and no noticeable effect on growth, salts did not significantly affect (p ≤ 0.01) survival of P. cichorii on lettuce leaf tissue and did not significantly reduce (p ≤ 0.01) varnish spot severity. Although sodium metabisulfite was applied at concentrations higher than the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration, it did not affect P. cichorii survival on leaf tissue.

scholarly journals Fungitoxic effect of inorganic salts for the management of seed borne Macrophomina phaseolina and Fusarium sp. causing charcoal rot and wilt disease in blackgram

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Indra ◽  
A. S. Kauvyashree ◽  
D. S. Swetha ◽  
M. Asmina ◽  
. Shalini
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
Potassium Chloride ◽  
Sodium Carbonate ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Potassium Phosphate ◽  
Ammonium Molybdate ◽  
Charcoal Rot ◽  
Potassium Phosphate Dibasic ◽  
Fusarium Sp

The laboratory experiments were carried out to study the effect of different salts viz., potassium chloride (KCl), potassium phosphate dibasic (K2HPO4), sodium carbonate (Na2CO3), sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) and ammonium molybdate (NH4)6 Mo7O24) on seed borne M. phaseolina and Fusarium sp. as an alternative to synthetic fungicides for the control of charcoal rot and wilt diseases in blackgram. The evaluation of different salts was performed in vitro using various concentrations viz., 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0 and 8.0 per cent (w/v). Among the salts tested against M. phaseolina, sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate and ammonium molybdate at 0.5, 2.0 and 4.0 per cent respectively inhibited the fungal growth. Among the salts tested against Fusarium sp. sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) at 4.0 per cent concentration recorded complete inhibition of the mycelial growth compared to the other salts. Also seed priming of these salts significantly reduced the seed borne infection due to M. phaseolina and Fusarium sp. under standard blotter test. The salts like potassium chloride and potassium phosphate dibasic (K2HPO4) at all concentrations did not inhibit M. phaseolina and Fusarium sp. which recorded 100 per cent mycelial growth as that of control.

Skin necrosis after hook phlebectomy of varicose veins

Phlebologie ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 36 (01) ◽  
pp. 21-24
Author(s):  
P. P. Krobisch
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
Sodium Carbonate ◽  
Local Anaesthetic ◽  
Local Anaesthesia ◽  
Skin Necrosis ◽  
Varicose Veins

Summary Background: Hook phlebectomy is usually performed under local anaesthesia. Several modifications of local anaesthesia have been proposed, including the reduction of the concentration of the local anaesthetic, the increase of the volume, the addition of norepinephrine and sodium bicarbonate. Patients, method: Three episodes are reported of painless skin necrosis after local anaesthesia using mepivacain (0.5 or 1%) with added sodium bicarbonate (8.4%, 1 : 10). Results: Degradation of the solution used for local anaesthesia was the cause of the necroses. The stopcock securing the bottle containing the stock solution of sodium bicarbonate allowed CO2to evaporate leaving sodium carbonate in the vial with a pH of 11. This solution was diluted 1 in 10 with mepivacain. The injections were painless and the necroses only were detected after three days when the bandages were removed. Discussion: Risks are inherent to even small changes of remedies. Conclusion: Home-made solutions must meet pharmaceutical standards in order to guarantee safety.

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