REFERENCE ELECTRODE AND ITS USE IN DETERMINING INDIVIDUAL ELECTRODE POTENTIALS.

1971 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. E. Klingsporn
Keyword(s):  
Reference Electrode ◽  
Electrode Potentials

ELECTRODE POTENTIALS OF THORIUM TETRACHLORIDE IN ALKALI CHLORIDE MELTS

1964 ◽  
Vol 42 (6) ◽  
pp. 1315-1322 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Srinivasan ◽  
S. N. Flengas
Keyword(s):  
Silver Chloride ◽  
Gravimetric Method ◽  
Reference Electrode ◽  
The Other ◽  
Alkali Chloride ◽  
Electrode Potentials ◽  
Silver Chloride Reference Electrode ◽  
Chloride Melts ◽  
Silver Silver ◽  
Silver Silver Chloride

The electrode potentials of the system Th, ThCl4 (KCl, NaCl) were measured at various concentrations of thorium chloride, and at temperatures between 670 °C and 850 °C, using a silver – silver chloride reference electrode. It was shown by a direct gravimetric method that the reaction,Th(metal) + ThCl4(melt) = 2ThCl2(in melt),postulated by previous investigators, did not take place.The activity coefficients, and the other partial molal properties of the solutions of ThCl4, in the equimolar mixture of potassium and sodium chlorides, were calculated as a function of temperature from the e.m.f. measurements.

Thallium and Tin Electrode Potentials in Fused LiCl–KCl Eutectic

1973 ◽  
Vol 51 (11) ◽  
pp. 1693-1696 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph M. Shafir ◽  
James A. Plambeck
Keyword(s):  
Reference Electrode ◽  
Ionic Species ◽  
Dilute Solutions ◽  
Electrode Potentials

Electrode potentials of thallium and tin couples were measured in dilute solutions of the ionic species in fused LiCl–KCl eutectic, at 450 °C. Standard molar electrode potentials of the Tl(III)/Tl(I) and Sn(IV)/Sn(II) couples are +0.155 and −0.310 V against a standard molar platinum reference electrode (s.m.p.e.). The standard potentials of the Tl(III)/Tl(0) and Sn(IV)/Sn(0) couples were calculated to be −0.385 and −0.964 V, respectively, vs. the s.m.p.e.

ELECTROCHEMICAL STUDIES ON TITANIUM IN MOLTEN LiCl–KCl EUTECTIC

1965 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 197-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Baboian ◽  
D. L. Hill ◽  
R. A. Bailey
Keyword(s):  
Anodic Dissolution ◽  
Mole Fraction ◽  
Coulometric Titration ◽  
Reference Electrode ◽  
Electrochemical Studies ◽  
Reference Electrodes ◽  
Electrode Potentials ◽  
Standard Electrode Potentials

The methods of potentiometry and polarography have been used to study the Ti(II) and Ti(III) ions in solution in the LiCl–KCl eutectic at 450 °C and 550 °C. Solutions of Ti(II) were prepared by anodic dissolution of Ti metal, and Ti(III) solutions by coulometric titration of Ti(II) by Pt(II). Apparent standard electrode potentials were measured for the Ti(II)/Ti and Ti(III)/Ti(II) couples against the Pt(II)/Pt and Ag(I)/Ag reference electrodes. Values obtained on the mole fraction scale with a Pt(II)/Pt reference electrode were[Formula: see text]Polarographic waves for oxidation and reduction of Ti(II), and for reduction of Ti(III), were observed.

Studies of Galvanic Corrosion Couples in Liquid Fluorine

CORROSION ◽  
1968 ◽  
Vol 24 (12) ◽  
pp. 418-421 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. TOY ◽  
W. D. ENGLISH ◽  
W. E. CRANE
Keyword(s):  
Galvanic Corrosion ◽  
Reference Electrode ◽  
Metals And Alloys ◽  
Corrosion Rates ◽  
Long Term Storage ◽  
Electrode Potentials ◽  
General Arrangement ◽  
Term Storage

Abstract Galvanic corrosion couples of several metals and alloys were tested in liquid fluorine at −320 F (−196 C), and the corrosion rates of the alloys were determined. A relative galvanic corrosion series, based on the rates, was developed as a guide for selecting materials for missile components exposed to fluorine containing propellants for long term storage. Electrode potentials of Al 1100 and copper versus a platinum reference electrode in liquid fluorine verify the general arrangement of the galvanic series. Evidence of pitting was found on Al 2014-T6 and silver coupons exposed to liquid fluorine.

VOLTAIC CELLS IN FUSED SALTS: PART II. THE SYSTEMS: (a) SILVER – SILVER CHLORIDE, LEAD – LEAD CHLORIDE; (b) SILVER – SILVER CHLORIDE, ZINC – ZINC CHLORIDE; AND (c) SILVER – SILVER CHLORIDE, NICKEL – NICKELOUS CHLORIDE

1957 ◽  
Vol 35 (11) ◽  
pp. 1254-1259 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. N. Flengas ◽  
T. R. Ingraham
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Chloride ◽  
Dissociation Constants ◽  
Silver Chloride ◽  
Reference Electrode ◽  
Lead Chloride ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Fused Salts ◽  
Electrode Potentials ◽  
Silver Silver ◽  
Silver Silver Chloride

Using a reversible silver – silver chloride reference electrode, described in the first paper of this series, standard electrode potentials have been established for the systems lead – lead chloride, zinc – zinc chloride, and nickel – nickelous chloride, in melts containing equimolar quantities of KCl and NaCl. Deviations from ideality were observed, and these were attributed to the formation of complexes. Dissociation constants for the complexes were calculated. The effect of temperature on the electromotive forces of the voltaic cells was also measured, and the heats of the cell reactions were calculated from the data.

Redox-Executed Logic Operations through the Reversible Voltammetric Response Characteristics of Electroactive Self-Assembled Monolayers

2010 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ganga Periyasamy ◽  
R. D. Levine ◽  
F. Remacle
Keyword(s):  
Reference Electrode ◽  
Redox Systems ◽  
Redox Species ◽  
Response Characteristics ◽  
Electrode Potentials ◽  
Finite State ◽  
Assembled Monolayers ◽  
Self Assembled ◽  
Simple Logic ◽  
Logic Operations

We propose charge quantization in electrochemical oxidation–reduction (redox) systems as a route to performing logical operations efficiently and reversibly. The theory is based on the interfacial potential distribution for electrodes coated with electroactive self-assembled molecular films. We monitor the change in the oxidation number by studying the current as a function of the working and reference electrode potentials and of the temperature. Diamond-shaped regions can be defined that delineate the stability of a given redox species as a function of the applied and reference potentials. Using these electrochemical Coulomb diamonds, we then show the principles for the design of a complete set of binary gates and a finite-state set–reset machine. We demonstrate the analogies between these redox systems and nanoscale solid-state systems where the charging energy is finite. Redox systems allow simple logic operations at room temperature because typically the standard potential is higher than the thermal energy.

Pressure Dependence of the Electrode Potentials of Some Iron(III/II), Cobalt(III/II), and Ni(III/II) Couples in Aqueous Solution: Estimation of the Reaction Volumes for M(III)/M(II) Couples

1997 ◽  
Vol 52 (9) ◽  
pp. 1087-1093 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mitsuru Matsumoto ◽  
Toshiyasu Tarumi ◽  
Isao Takahashi ◽  
Shigenobu Funahashi ◽  
Toshiaki Noda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solution ◽  
Pressure Dependence ◽  
Reference Electrode ◽  
Partial Molar Volumes ◽  
Spherical Approximation ◽  
Mean Spherical Approximation ◽  
Nernst Equation ◽  
Electrode Potentials ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Reaction Volumes

Abstract Pressure dependence of the electrode potentials for various M 3+/2+ couples (M = Fe, Co, and Ni with o-phenanthroline, bipyridine, terpyridine, 1,4,7-triazacyclononane, and 1,4,7-tri-thiacyclononane) was measured by cyclic voltammetry in aqueous solution vs. a Ag/AgCl reference electrode. The reaction volume of the Ag/AgCl reference electrode was estimated from the change in the partial molar volumes of Feaq3+/2+ and Co(terpyridine)23+/2+ couples, and the volumes for the formation of M2+ from M3+ were determined. The electrostrictive component for the change in the oxidation state for the M3+/2+ couple was calculated on the basis of the Drude-Nernst equation and by the mean spherical approximation (MSA). The isolated volumes for the formation of M2+ from M3+ were compared with the values predicted by theory.

VOLTAIC CELLS IN FUSED SALTS: PART V. THE SYSTEMS Sn/SnCl2 (KCl–NaCl), Fe/FeCl2 (KCl–NaCI), and Mn/MnCl2 (KCl–NaCl)

1958 ◽  
Vol 36 (12) ◽  
pp. 1662-1667 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. N. Flengas ◽  
T. R. Ingraham
Keyword(s):  
Reference Electrode ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Nernst Equation ◽  
Fused Salts ◽  
Electrode Potentials ◽  
Standard Electrode Potentials

Using a Ag/AgCl (KCl–NaCl) reference electrode, the standard electrode potentials of the systems Sn/SnCl2 (KCl–NaCl), Fe/FeCl2 (KCl–NaCl), and Mn/MnCl2 (KCl–NaCl) were determined at 700 °C and found to be 0.370 v, 0.520 v, and 1.205 v respectively. In each of the systems the Nernst equation was found to be applicable over the range of concentrations investigated.The effect of temperature on the electromotive forces of the above cells was measured and the heats of the cell reactions were calculated from the data.

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