scholarly journals EFFECT OF SPRAY FLOW RATE ON WASHOUT OF GASES AND PARTICLES IN THE CONTAINMENT SYSTEMS EXPERIMENT.

1971 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.K. Hilliard ◽  
A.K. Postma
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Spray Flow Rate

scholarly journals Heat transfer in a novel microwave heating device coupled with atomization feeding

2021 ◽  
pp. 288-288
Author(s):  
Shangzhi Yu ◽  
Qinglong Xie ◽  
Xiaoning Mao ◽  
Ying Duan ◽  
Yong Nie
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Experimental Data ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Microwave Heating ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Orifice Diameter ◽  
Spray Parameters ◽  
Heat Transfer Characteristics ◽  
Transfer Characteristics ◽  
Spray Flow Rate

The heat transfer characteristics of the microwave heating coupled with atomization feeding were investigated using ethanol as the spray medium on a pressure swirl nozzle. The effects of spray height, flow rate and temperature on the sauter mean diameter (SMD) of atomized droplets were examined. The results showed that the droplet SMD was 12-130 ?m, which increased with the spray height and decreased with the flow rate and temperature of spray medium. Through the fitting of the experimental data, the dimensionless correlation of the droplet SMD which was based on orifice diameter, Reynolds and Ohnesorge numbers was obtained. The calculated results were basically consistent with the experimental data within 15% error. The heat transfer characteristics of atomized droplets on high-temperature surface of SiC bed heated by microwave were then investigated. The effects of spray flow rate, spray height and spray temperature on the heat transfer characteristics were examined. The power of spray heat transfer decreased with the temperature and increased with the spray flow rate and spray height. The dimensionless correlation to describe the heat transfer characteristics of atomized droplets on the high-temperature SiC surface under the microwave heating was obtained which included thermophysical properties of spray medium, spray parameters, and temperatures of the high-temperature bed surface and spray medium, with the error of ?20%. These correlations can be used to predict the SMD of the atomized droplets and the power of spray heat transfer in the microwave heating process.

Influence of the water spray flow rate and angle on the critical velocity in tunnels with longitudinal ventilation

Energy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 190 ◽  
pp. 116466
Author(s):  
Jie Wang ◽  
Yinqiu Wei ◽  
Zhicheng Xie ◽  
Xuepeng Jiang ◽  
Hongjie Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Critical Velocity ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Water Spray ◽  
Longitudinal Ventilation ◽  
Spray Flow Rate

scholarly journals Water-Spray-Cooled Quasi-Isothermal Compression Method: Water-Spray Flow Improvement

Entropy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 724
Author(s):  
Guanwei Jia ◽  
Xuanwei Nian ◽  
Weiqing Xu ◽  
Yan Shi ◽  
Maolin Cai
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Energy Storage ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Compressed Air ◽  
Water Spray ◽  
Compressed Air Energy Storage ◽  
Compression Process ◽  
Injection Water ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Spray Flow Rate

Water-spray-cooled quasi-isothermal compressed air energy storage aims to avoid heat energy losses from advanced adiabatic compressed-air energy storage (AA-CAES). The compression efficiency increases with injection water spray. However, the energy-generated water spray cannot be ignored. As the air pressure increases, the work done by the piston and the work converted into heat rise gradually in the compression process. Accordingly, the flow rate of the water needed for heat transfer is not a constant with respect to time. To match the rising compression heat, a time sequence of water-spray flow rate is constructed, and the algorithm is designed. Real-time water-spray flow rate is calculated according to the difference between the compression power and heat-transfer power. Compared with the uniform flow rate of water spray, energy consumption from the improved flow rate is reduced.

A Novel Reconstitution Method for Inducing the Formation of Regular 2-Dimensional Arrays of Membrane Proteins and Lipids

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 152-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Engel ◽  
A. Holzenburg ◽  
K. Stauffer ◽  
J. Rosenbusch ◽  
U. Aebi
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Proteins ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Lipid Membranes ◽  
Functional Characterization ◽  
Dimensional Structure ◽  
Electron Crystallography ◽  
Peltier Element ◽  
Protein Ratio ◽  
Precise Control ◽  
3 Dimensional

Reconstitution of solubilized and purified membrane proteins in the presence of phospholipids into vesicles allows their functions to be studied by simple bulk measurements (e.g. diffusion of differently sized solutes) or by conductance measurements after transformation into planar membranes. On the other hand, reconstitution into regular protein-lipid arrays, usually forming at a specific lipid-to-protein ratio, provides the basis for determining the 3-dimensional structure of membrane proteins employing the tools of electron crystallography.To refine reconstitution conditions for reproducibly inducing formation of large and highly ordered protein-lipid membranes that are suitable for both electron crystallography and patch clamping experiments aimed at their functional characterization, we built a flow-dialysis device that allows precise control of temperature and flow-rate (Fig. 1). The flow rate is generated by a peristaltic pump and can be adjusted from 1 to 500 ml/h. The dialysis buffer is brought to a preselected temperature during its travel through a meandering path before it enters the dialysis reservoir. A Z-80 based computer controls a Peltier element allowing the temperature profile to be programmed as function of time.

Novel epoxy/anhydride alternatives for biological electron microscopy: Physical and performance characteristis of embed 812 and LX 112 in combination with NSA/NMA/DMAE

1989 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 1000-1001
Author(s):  
Joe A. Mascorro ◽  
Gerald S. Kirby
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Succinic Anhydride ◽  
Volume Flow Rate ◽  
Mass Density ◽  
Uranyl Acetate ◽  
Volume Flow ◽  
Base Resin ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Acid Anhydrides

Embedding media based upon an epoxy resin of choice and the acid anhydrides dodecenyl succinic anhydride (DDSA), nadic methyl anhydride (NMA), and catalyzed by the tertiary amine 2,4,6-Tri(dimethylaminomethyl) phenol (DMP-30) are widely used in biological electron microscopy. These media possess a viscosity character that can impair tissue infiltration, particularly if original Epon 812 is utilized as the base resin. Other resins that are considerably less viscous than Epon 812 now are available as replacements. Likewise, nonenyl succinic anhydride (NSA) and dimethylaminoethanol (DMAE) are more fluid than their counterparts DDSA and DMP- 30 commonly used in earlier formulations. This work utilizes novel epoxy and anhydride combinations in order to produce embedding media with desirable flow rate and viscosity parameters that, in turn, would allow the medium to optimally infiltrate tissues. Specifically, embeding media based on EmBed 812 or LX 112 with NSA (in place of DDSA) and DMAE (replacing DMP-30), with NMA remaining constant, are formulated and offered as alternatives for routine biological work.Individual epoxy resins (Table I) or complete embedding media (Tables II-III) were tested for flow rate and viscosity. The novel media were further examined for their ability to infilftrate tissues, polymerize, sectioning and staining character, as well as strength and stability to the electron beam and column vacuum. For physical comparisons, a volume (9 ml) of either resin or media was aspirated into a capillary viscocimeter oriented vertically. The material was then allowed to flow out freely under the influence of gravity and the flow time necessary for the volume to exit was recored (Col B,C; Tables). In addition, the volume flow rate (ml flowing/second; Col D, Tables) was measured. Viscosity (n) could then be determined by using the Hagen-Poiseville relation for laminar flow, n = c.p/Q, where c = a geometric constant from an instrument calibration with water, p = mass density, and Q = volume flow rate. Mass weight and density of the materials were determined as well (Col F,G; Tables). Infiltration schedules utilized were short (1/2 hr 1:1, 3 hrs full resin), intermediate (1/2 hr 1:1, 6 hrs full resin) , or long (1/2 hr 1:1, 6 hrs full resin) in total time. Polymerization schedules ranging from 15 hrs (overnight) through 24, 36, or 48 hrs were tested. Sections demonstrating gold interference colors were collected on unsupported 200- 300 mesh grids and stained sequentially with uranyl acetate and lead citrate.

Severe Drooling and Treatment With Botulinum Toxin

2012 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-21
Author(s):  
Merete Bakke ◽  
Allan Bardow ◽  
Eigild Møller
Keyword(s):  
Botulinum Toxin ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Clinical Evidence ◽  
Acetylcholine Release ◽  
Psychosocial Problems ◽  
Rate Reduction ◽  
Local Inhibition ◽  
Surgical Treatments

Severe drooling is associated with discomfort and psychosocial problems and may constitute a health risk. A variety of different surgical and non-surgical treatments have been used to diminish drooling, some of them with little or uncertain effect and others more effective but irreversible or with side effects. Based on clinical evidence, injection with botulinum toxin (BTX) into the parotid and submandibular glands is a useful treatment option, because it is local, reversible, and with few side effects, although it has to be repeated. The mechanism of BTX is a local inhibition of acetylcholine release, which diminishes receptor-coupled secretion and results in a flow rate reduction of 25–50% for 2–7 months.

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