scholarly journals Waste management safeguards project: History of and recommendations for development activities in support of safeguards of final disposal of spent fuel

1994 ◽  
Author(s):  
B.W. Moran
Author(s):  
Jorge Lang-Lenton Leo´n ◽  
Emilio Garcia Neri

Since 1984, ENRESA is responsible of the radioactive waste management and the decommissioning of nuclear installations in Spain. The major recent challenge has been the approval of the Sixth General Radioactive Waste Plan (GRWP) as “master plan” of the activities to be performed by ENRESA. Regarding the LILW programme, the El Cabril LILW disposal facility will be described highlighting the most relevant events especially focused on optimizing the existing capacity and the start-up of a purpose–built disposal area for VLLW. Concerning the HLW programme, two aspects may be distinguished in the direct management of spent fuel: temporary storage and long-term management. In this regards, a major challenge has been the decision adopted by the Spanish Government to set up a Interministerial Committee for the establishment of the criteria that must be met by the site of the Centralized Intermediate Storage (CTS) facility as the first and necessary step for the process. Also the developments of the long-term management programme will be presented in the frame of the ENRESA’s R&D programme. Finally, in the field of decommissioning they will be presented the PIMIC project at the CIEMAT centre and the activities in course for the decommissioning of Jose´ Cabrera NPP.


Author(s):  
P. Havard

Abstract Low and medium level waste management means reducing the amount of waste generated during maintenance and operation of the plant, in accordance with the ALARA concept, while keeping not only the quality of the product but also the associated costs under control. All this waste is managed by ONDRAF/NIRAS, the Belgian Federal Agency responsible for waste management, including conditioning, intermediate storage and final disposal. Unfortunately, the actions taken by ONDRAF/NIRAS and the producers in order to reduce waste production have had a negative impact on waste treatment tariffs. It has become necessary to re-examine the relationship between ONDRAF/NIRAS and the producers, in order to control the costs of waste management. This problem concerns not only the treatment costs but also the disposal costs. The volume of waste has fallen from 30M3/Thwh in 1985 to 4.m3/Twh in 2000, not by chance but as the result of a new site organisation geared towards achieving this aim. This paper presents firstly the history of Belgian waste management, taking into account the impact on the associated costs, and secondly the measures that have to be taken in order to be able to decide which new technologies are necessary to go further with the objective of waste volume reduction in a new environment, namely deregulation and consequently high pressure on production costs. Finally, it presents a few conclusions.


Author(s):  
Jennifer McTeer ◽  
Jenny Morris ◽  
Stephen Wickham ◽  
Gary Bolton ◽  
James McKinney ◽  
...  

Interim storage is an essential component of the waste management lifecycle, providing a safe, secure environment for waste packages awaiting final disposal. In order to be able to monitor and detect change or degradation of the waste packages, storage building or equipment, it is necessary to know the original condition of these components (the “waste-storage system”). This paper presents an approach to establishing the baseline for a waste-storage system, and provides guidance on the selection and implementation of potential baselining technologies. The approach is made up of two sections; assessment of baselining needs and definition of baselining approach. During the assessment of baselining needs a review of available monitoring data and store/package records should be undertaken (if the store is operational). Evolutionary processes (affecting safety functions), and their corresponding indicators, that can be measured to provide a baseline for the waste-storage system should then be identified in order for the most suitable indicators to be selected for baselining. In defining the approach, identification of opportunities to collect data and constraints is undertaken before selecting the techniques for baselining and developing a baselining plan. Baselining data may be used to establish that the state of the packages is consistent with the waste acceptance criteria for the storage facility and to support the interpretation of monitoring and inspection data collected during store operations. Opportunities and constraints are identified for different store and package types. Technologies that could potentially be used to measure baseline indicators are also reviewed.


2015 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-99
Author(s):  
Jana Soukopová ◽  
Jiří Hřebíček ◽  
Zdeněk Horsák

This article investigates the history of local self-government and public administration in relation to waste management to answer a question: Is there any relationship between the development of local self-government in towns and public administration in the Lands of the Bohemian Crown and the current state of development? Findings regarding the development of local self-administration are divided into the following eras: the period before the arrival of Slavs, early and developed feudalism, and the beginnings of the industrial revolution, ending with the foundation of the Czechoslovak Republic in 1918. Particular attention will be paid to municipal self-government in the city of Brno.


Author(s):  
Hwan-Seo Park ◽  
In-Tae Kim ◽  
Hwan-Young Kim ◽  
Byeung Gil Ahn ◽  
Han-Soo Lee

This study investigated a unique wasteform containing molten salt wastes which are generated from the pyro-process for the spent fuel treatment. Using a conventional sol-gel process, SiO2-Al2O3-P2O5 (SAP) inorganic material reactive to metal chlorides were prepared. By using this inorganic composite, a monolithic wasteform were sucessfully fabricated via a simple process, reaction at 650°C and sintering at 1100°C. This unique wasteform should be qualified if it meets the requirements for final disposal. For this reasons, this paper characterized its chemical durability, physical properties, morphology and etc. In the SAP, there are three kinds of chains, Si-O-Si as a main chain, Si-O-Al as a side chain and Al-O-P/P-O-P as a reactive chain. Alkali metal chlorides were converted into metal aluminosilicate (LixAlxSi1−xO2−x) and metal phosphate (Li3PO4 and Cs2AlP3O10) while alkali earth and rare earth chlorides were changed into only metal phosphates (Sr5(PO4)3Cl and CePO4). These reaction products were compatible to borosilicate glasses which were functioned as a chemical binder for metal aluminosilicate and a physical binder for metal phosphates. By these phenomena, the wasteform was formed homogenously above μm scale. This would affect the leaching behaviors of each radionuclides or component of binder. The leach rates of Cs and Sr under the PCT-A test condition were about 10−3g/m2day. The physical properties (Cp, k, ρ, Hv, and etc) were very reasonable. Other leaching tests (ISO, MCC-1P) are on-going. From these results, it could be concluded that SAP can be considered as an effective stabilizer on metal chlorides and the method using SAP will give a chance to minimize the waste volume for the final disposal of salt wastes through further researches.


Author(s):  
D. Watson ◽  
I. Streatfield ◽  
C. Grundy ◽  
S. Price-Water ◽  
D. Glazbrook ◽  
...  

In the UK the Office for Nuclear Regulation and the Environment Agency developed the Generic Design Assessment process in response to a request from the UK Government. The process allows the regulators to jointly assess new nuclear reactor designs, in advance of any site-specific proposals to build a nuclear power station. Two reactor types are currently being assessed within Generic Design Assessment: • AREVA and Electricite´ de France’s UK EPR®; • Westinghouse Electric Company’s AP1000®. This paper will present the outcome of the assessment of radioactive waste management within the Generic Design Assessment process. One aspect of particular interest is the management of spent fuel from proposed new reactors as the assessment is based on an assumption that it will be sent for disposal. Therefore the paper will specifically consider the management of spent fuel and how this affects the regulatory decisions. The paper will look at four aspects. The first of these is to give a short overview of the Generic Design Assessment process. This will be followed by a summary of the Generic Design Assessment Radioactive Waste Management assessment on the acceptability of: • The types of waste and spent fuel. • The plans for conditioning of the wastes. • The safety issues associated with short-term storage. • The safety issues associated with long-term storage. • The issues associated with the disposal of the wastes. • The safety issues associated with decommissioning the reactors. The third aspect will be to look at the work commissioned by the Office of Nuclear Regulation in support of the Generic Design Assessment of radioactive waste management and how this has affected the regulatory decisions. This work has looked at the long-term stability of spent fuel in storage and the potential faults associated with the storage and handling of the spent fuel. The paper will end with the main conclusions of the radioactive waste management assessment within Generic Design Assessment. Looking at how storage of spent fuel can affect transport, disposal and decommissioning and how work by licensees could alter these conclusions.


2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 269-276
Author(s):  
L. V. Sumatokhina

“History of the village” is chronologically the last project in a series of major publishing projects of M. Gorky in the 1930s. The idea was not implemented. Work on the project began in February 1935. In January of this year, Gorky received a letter from Siberia, from the editor of a small Siberian newspaper N. Zharikov, who reported on the beginning of work on the history of the Siberian village. The Siberian theme as the starting point of the “History of the village” was initially rejected by Gorky. He insisted on describing “typical” villages and villages, which did not include Siberian villages. However, in a number of points of a large publishing project, the Siberian theme inevitably manifested itself, in particular, in two books that V. Ya. Zazubrin worked on. In the “History of the village” there were several major thematic blocks. A special place among them was occupied by the “Library of the collective farmer”. It was intended to be a “verbal illustration” of historical works of a popular science nature. Engaged in the “Library of the collective farmer” V. Ya. Zazubrin. He carried out the selection of texts, worked with commentators and authors of prefaces to collections. In the collection of selected chapters from the “Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow” by A. N. Radishchev, he intended to add fragments of the diary of his Siberian journey. One of the latest versions of the plan for the “Library of the collective farmer” includes the “Book about Radishchev” by V. Ya. Zazubrin, which includes a biography of Radishchev, peasant chapters “Travels from St. Petersburg to Moscow” and excerpts from the Siberian travel diary. The Book dedicated to the Russian-American company was supposed to cover the company’s activities in Siberia. The idea of the book appeared in the plans of the series thanks to S. N. Markov, a colleague of Zazubrin in the “Siberian lights”, who in 1935 was exiled in Arkhangelsk. It was Markov who told Gorky about the part of the archive of the Russian-American company discovered in Vologda. While working on the inventory of this archive, Markov initiated his Pacific card index, on the basis of which he later wrote a number of works. The history of Russian America became the main theme of his work. V. Ya. Zazubrin’s participation in the project and Gorky’s correspondence with S. N. Markov especially contributed to the development of the Siberian theme in the “History of the village”. In the thematic and production plan of the “Library of the collective farmer” for 1937, compiled after Gorky’s death, was included the book about the Russian-American company by S. N. Markov under the editorship of V. Ya. Zazubrin. In 1947, based on his Pacific card index, Sergey Markov wrote the book “Chronicle of Alaska”.


Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document