Electron optics in hybrid photodetectors in magnetic fields

AbstractWe were successful in observing the solar corona during five solar eclipses (1973-1991). For the eclipse days the coronal magnetic field was calculated by extrapolation from the photosphere. Comparison of the observed and calculated coronal structures is carried out and some peculiarities of this comparison, related to the different phases of the solar cycle, are presented.

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Radio Measurements of Coronal Magnetic Fields

International Astronomical Union Colloquium ◽

10.1017/s0252921100024933 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 144 ◽

pp. 21-28 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

G. B. Gelfreikh

Keyword(s):

Magnetic Field ◽

Magnetic Fields ◽

Solar Corona ◽

Active Regions ◽

High Sensitivity ◽

Coronal Magnetic Field ◽

Transverse Magnetic ◽

Radio Sources ◽

Radio Waves ◽

Solar Active Regions

AbstractA review of methods of measuring magnetic fields in the solar corona using spectral-polarization observations at microwaves with high spatial resolution is presented. The methods are based on the theory of thermal bremsstrahlung, thermal cyclotron emission, propagation of radio waves in quasi-transverse magnetic field and Faraday rotation of the plane of polarization. The most explicit program of measurements of magnetic fields in the atmosphere of solar active regions has been carried out using radio observations performed on the large reflector radio telescope of the Russian Academy of Sciences — RATAN-600. This proved possible due to good wavelength coverage, multichannel spectrographs observations and high sensitivity to polarization of the instrument. Besides direct measurements of the strength of the magnetic fields in some cases the peculiar parameters of radio sources, such as very steep spectra and high brightness temperatures provide some information on a very complicated local structure of the coronal magnetic field. Of special interest are the results found from combined RATAN-600 and large antennas of aperture synthesis (VLA and WSRT), the latter giving more detailed information on twodimensional structure of radio sources. The bulk of the data obtained allows us to investigate themagnetospheresof the solar active regions as the space in the solar corona where the structures and physical processes are controlled both by the photospheric/underphotospheric currents and surrounding “quiet” corona.

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Emergence of Twisted Magnetic Flux Related Sigmoidal Brightening

International Astronomical Union Colloquium ◽

10.1017/s0252921100064630 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 179 ◽

pp. 263-264

Author(s):

K. Sundara Raman ◽

K. B. Ramesh ◽

R. Selvendran ◽

P. S. M. Aleem ◽

K. M. Hiremath

Keyword(s):

Magnetic Field ◽

Magnetic Fields ◽

Magnetic Flux ◽

Ultra Violet ◽

Active Regions ◽

Morphological Properties ◽

Energy Storage And Conversion ◽

The Sun ◽

X Rays ◽

The Magnetic Field

Extended AbstractWe have examined the morphological properties of a sigmoid associated with an SXR (soft X-ray) flare. The sigmoid is cospatial with the EUV (extreme ultra violet) images and in the optical part lies along an S-shaped Hαfilament. The photoheliogram shows flux emergence within an existingδtype sunspot which has caused the rotation of the umbrae giving rise to the sigmoidal brightening.It is now widely accepted that flares derive their energy from the magnetic fields of the active regions and coronal levels are considered to be the flare sites. But still a satisfactory understanding of the flare processes has not been achieved because of the difficulties encountered to predict and estimate the probability of flare eruptions. The convection flows and vortices below the photosphere transport and concentrate magnetic field, which subsequently appear as active regions in the photosphere (Rust & Kumar 1994 and the references therein). Successive emergence of magnetic flux, twist the field, creating flare productive magnetic shear and has been studied by many authors (Sundara Ramanet al.1998 and the references therein). Hence, it is considered that the flare is powered by the energy stored in the twisted magnetic flux tubes (Kurokawa 1996 and the references therein). Rust & Kumar (1996) named the S-shaped bright coronal loops that appear in soft X-rays as ‘Sigmoids’ and concluded that this S-shaped distortion is due to the twist developed in the magnetic field lines. These transient sigmoidal features tell a great deal about unstable coronal magnetic fields, as these regions are more likely to be eruptive (Canfieldet al.1999). As the magnetic fields of the active regions are deep rooted in the Sun, the twist developed in the subphotospheric flux tube penetrates the photosphere and extends in to the corona. Thus, it is essentially favourable for the subphotospheric twist to unwind the twist and transmit it through the photosphere to the corona. Therefore, it becomes essential to make complete observational descriptions of a flare from the magnetic field changes that are taking place in different atmospheric levels of the Sun, to pin down the energy storage and conversion process that trigger the flare phenomena.

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Solar Filaments as Tracers of Subsurface Processes

International Astronomical Union Colloquium ◽

10.1017/s0252921100064459 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 179 ◽

pp. 177-183

Author(s):

D. M. Rust

Keyword(s):

Magnetic Fields ◽

Magnetic Flux ◽

Coronal Mass Ejections ◽

Interplanetary Space ◽

Intermediate Stage ◽

Coronal Plasma ◽

Magnetic Helicity ◽

The Sun ◽

New Paradigm ◽

Solar Filaments

AbstractSolar filaments are discussed in terms of two contrasting paradigms. The standard paradigm is that filaments are formed by condensation of coronal plasma into magnetic fields that are twisted or dimpled as a consequence of motions of the fields’ sources in the photosphere. According to a new paradigm, filaments form in rising, twisted flux ropes and are a necessary intermediate stage in the transfer to interplanetary space of dynamo-generated magnetic flux. It is argued that the accumulation of magnetic helicity in filaments and their coronal surroundings leads to filament eruptions and coronal mass ejections. These ejections relieve the Sun of the flux generated by the dynamo and make way for the flux of the next cycle.

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The Interpretation of Line Profiles

International Astronomical Union Colloquium ◽

10.1017/s0252921100053318 ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 36 ◽

pp. 191-215

Author(s):

G.B. Rybicki

Keyword(s):

Magnetic Fields ◽

Atomic Physics ◽

Velocity Fields ◽

Spectral Lines ◽

Inhomogeneous Structure ◽

The Sun ◽

Line Profiles ◽

Physical Phenomena

Observations of the shapes and intensities of spectral lines provide a bounty of information about the outer layers of the sun. In order to utilize this information, however, one is faced with a seemingly monumental task. The sun’s chromosphere and corona are extremely complex, and the underlying physical phenomena are far from being understood. Velocity fields, magnetic fields, Inhomogeneous structure, hydromagnetic phenomena – these are some of the complications that must be faced. Other uncertainties involve the atomic physics upon which all of the deductions depend.

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Influence of Magnetic Fields on Solar Hydrodynamics: Experimental Results

International Astronomical Union Colloquium ◽

10.1017/s025292110005329x ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 36 ◽

pp. 143-180 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

J.O. Stenflo

Keyword(s):

Solar Activity ◽

Energy Balance ◽

Magnetic Fields ◽

Solar Atmosphere ◽

General Problem ◽

Solar Rotation ◽

Active Regions ◽

Physical Conditions ◽

Dynamic Phenomena

It is well-known that solar activity is basically caused by the Interaction of magnetic fields with convection and solar rotation, resulting in a great variety of dynamic phenomena, like flares, surges, sunspots, prominences, etc. Many conferences have been devoted to solar activity, including the role of magnetic fields. Similar attention has not been paid to the role of magnetic fields for the overall dynamics and energy balance of the solar atmosphere, related to the general problem of chromospheric and coronal heating. To penetrate this problem we have to focus our attention more on the physical conditions in the ‘quiet’ regions than on the conspicuous phenomena in active regions.

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Peculiarity Parameters

International Astronomical Union Colloquium ◽

10.1017/s0252921100080581 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 32 ◽

pp. 233-254

Author(s):

H. M. Maitzen

Keyword(s):

Magnetic Field ◽

Magnetic Fields ◽

Theoretical Work ◽

Observational Evidence ◽

Rotator Model ◽

Peculiar Behaviour ◽

Field Spectrum ◽

Oblique Rotator ◽

Ap Stars ◽

The Way

Ap stars are peculiar in many aspects. During this century astronomers have been trying to collect data about these and have found a confusing variety of peculiar behaviour even from star to star that Struve stated in 1942 that at least we know that these phenomena are not supernatural. A real push to start deeper theoretical work on Ap stars was given by an additional observational evidence, namely the discovery of magnetic fields on these stars by Babcock (1947). This originated the concept that magnetic fields are the cause for spectroscopic and photometric peculiarities. Great leaps for the astronomical mankind were the Oblique Rotator model by Stibbs (1950) and Deutsch (1954), which by the way provided mathematical tools for the later handling pulsar geometries, anti the discovery of phase coincidence of the extrema of magnetic field, spectrum and photometric variations (e.g. Jarzebowski, 1960).

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