scholarly journals Dynamic out-of-plane and in-plane testing of full-scale hollow clay tile infilled frames. [Final report]

1994 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.B. Gambill
Keyword(s):  
Full Scale ◽  
Final Report ◽  
Infilled Frames ◽  
Out Of Plane ◽  
Clay Tile

Experimental Out-Of-Plane Behavior of Brick Masonry Infilled Frames

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farhad Akhoundi ◽  
Graça Vasconcelos ◽  
Paulo Lourenço
Keyword(s):  
Brick Masonry ◽  
Infilled Frames ◽  
Out Of Plane ◽  
Masonry Infilled Frames

Out-of-plane behaviour of a full-scale stone masonry façade. Part 1: specimen and ground motion selection

2013 ◽  
pp. n/a-n/a ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandre A. Costa ◽  
António Arêde ◽  
Alfredo Campos Costa ◽  
Andrea Penna ◽  
Aníbal Costa
Keyword(s):  
Ground Motion ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Stone Masonry ◽  
Ground Motion Selection ◽  
Out Of Plane

scholarly journals DISPLACEMENTS OF SIDE WALLS WITH WALL-GIRTS IN INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS UNDER VERTICAL SETTLEMENTS

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Noemí M. Subelza ◽  
Verónica A. Pedrozo ◽  
Rossana C. Jaca ◽  
Luis A. Godoy
Keyword(s):  
Computer Modelling ◽  
Computational Modelling ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Scale Model ◽  
Design Stage ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Industrial Buildings ◽  
Out Of Plane ◽  
Side Walls ◽  
Lateral Displacements

The localized settlement of columns in large metal industrial buildings induces out-of-plane displacements of side walls of the same order as the settlement, which may affect service conditions in the building. For a structural configuration formed by frames, side-walls and wall-girts, this work reports results from testing a small-scale model together with computational modelling of the full-scale structure. Dimensional analysis was used to scale the geometry and properties from full-scale to small-scale, leading to an overall scale factor of 1:15. Differential settlements having a controlled amplitude were imposed at the central column, and displacements were monitored using mechanical devices. The computational model employed shell elements for side-walls and wall- girts. Good agreement was found between tests and computer modelling. The results at the full- scale level, indicate that, for settlements likely to occur in granular soils, the associated lateral displacements exceed those allowed by current US regulations. Stiffening the structure was investigated by use of stiffer girts, as well as by reducing their spacing. The influence of frame height was also investigated. The overall conclusion is that out-of-plane displacements of side- walls may easily exceed allowable values unless they are specifically considered at a design stage.

Fatigue Testing of Out-of-Plane Bending Mechanism of Chain Links

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucile Rampi ◽  
Pedro Vargas
Keyword(s):  
Fatigue Testing ◽  
Empirical Relationship ◽  
Fatigue Tests ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Fatigue Performance ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Out Of Plane ◽  
Plane Bending ◽  
Chain Links ◽  
Mooring Chain

Three years ago, several mooring chains of an off-loading buoy failed after only 8 months of service. These chains were designed according to conventional fatigue assessment using API RP 2SK T-N curves to a fatigue life or 20 years with a factor of safety equal to 3 on life. Of particular interest is that the mooring chain failure underwent significant mooring chain motions that caused interlink rotations. Although traditionally neglected, these interlink rotations, when combined with significant chain tensions can cause bending stresses in the chain links (See Figure 1). This recently identified phenomena, Out-of-Plane Bending (OPB), explains the extensive fatigue damage causing the mooring chains of the off-loading buoy to fail [3][4][5]. References [3] and [4] document full scale tests of the OPB mechanism using a full scale test frame with the ability of applying inter-link rotation to a pre-tensioned chain. This testing confirmed that interlink rotations with a constant tension load can result in significantly high stresses. OPB stresses were measured on four different chain sizes of various grades: 1) 81 mm Studded Grade R3S, 2) 107 mm Stud-less Grade RQ3, 3) 124 mm Stud-less Grade R4, and 4) 146 mm Stud-less Grade RQ4, Grade R3 in [3] and [4], but no actual fatigue tests were performed. References [3] and [5] document analytical and computational efforts to explain and quantify the OPB stresses. In this paper, special focus is placed on obtaining actual fatigue failures of chains from OPB loading. Smaller chain sizes (40 mm) are used to accommodate the load limits of the testing frame. To mimic the actual loading as close as possible, sub size models of actual chainhawses were used in the testing. Two chainhawses were used: 1) the chainhawse has internal curvature where a link rests on the intrados, similar to offloading buoy that failed in eight months, and 2) a straight chainhase, a design that is in use today with demonstrated improved fatigue performance over the curved chainhawse. OPB stresses are measured and reported. Fatigue loading in the OPB mode was applied for several configurations. The two chainhawse exhibit very different stress levels and fatigue performance. An empirical relationship previously reported in [3][4][5] is compared to the measured OPB stresses with mixed results. Although limited in number, the fatigue tests indicate that overall the chain fatigue performance is at or above the B1 DnV curve. The BS B1 curve is also compared.

Towards a Novel Type of Ice for Model Tests With Vertically Sided Structures

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gesa Ziemer
Keyword(s):  
Plane Deformation ◽  
Ice Sheet ◽  
Model Tests ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Ship Hulls ◽  
Flexural Failure ◽  
Out Of Plane ◽  
Indentation Tests ◽  
Industrial Needs ◽  
Global And Local

Model tests in ice are well-established to assess ice loads acting on ship-shaped structures. Model basins worldwide have elaborated different types of model ice over the past decades and gained confidence in e.g. predicting ship’s resistance which is validated by full scale data. Driven by industrial needs, the model ice was invented and modified with emphasis on the failure observed on ship hulls: Mostly flexural failure with only limited influence of crushing, i.e. against a vertical stem contour. Nowadays, the same model ice is occasionally used for structures exposed to ice action which are far from being ship-shaped, such as vertical sided monopiles or artificial islands. This approach is often questioned as the currently used model ice is usually insufficiently brittle, overstates out-of-plane deformation and flexural failure of the ice sheet, and transfers most of the ice load by a hard top layer rather than creating a wedge-shaped ice edge with a line-like contact approximately at middle height of the ice thickness as observed in full scale indentation tests. Therefore, results from tests with vertical structures in model ice have to be treated cautiously and not all observations are directly scalable. In an attempt to overcome the most severe issues with HSVA’s model ice in tests with vertically sided structures, a new way of initiating the formation of a model ice sheet was tested as a part of the IVOS project. Instead of spraying a top layer, the water in the basin was kept in motion by a wave maker while crystals formed. When the waves were stopped, an ice sheet with larger crystals in the top layer grew. A compliant vertical structure was pushed through this ice sheet and global and local loads were measured. The measurements were compared to tests with the same structure in conventional columnar model ice. Various ice properties were measured throughout the tests. This paper introduces an alternative way to create a model ice sheet for tests with vertically sided structures utilizing a wavemaker, and discusses the findings from first model tests.

Two-way bending out-of-plane collapse of a full-scale URM building tested on a shake table

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 2165-2198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Umberto Tomassetti ◽  
António A. Correia ◽  
Paulo X. Candeias ◽  
Francesco Graziotti ◽  
Alfredo Campos Costa
Keyword(s):  
Full Scale ◽  
Shake Table ◽  
Out Of Plane

scholarly journals State of the art of DSRW test equipment subjected to side loads and equipment proposal for static testing at natural scale

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gram Rivas ◽  
Elliot Quispe ◽  
Sandra Santa Cruz
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Testing Equipment ◽  
Dynamic Tests ◽  
Static Test ◽  
Static Testing ◽  
Out Of Plane ◽  
Seismic Forces ◽  
Tilting Table ◽  
Full Scale Testing

Dry Stone retaining walls, DSRW, are low-cost traditional structures made of stones aimed to stabilize, support backfill and avoid soil erosion. They have massively been used as foundation of dwellings by vulnerable population located in the steeped hills surrounding some Latin-American cities. These walls are built following ancient techniques that are neither well studied nor formally established. Millions of people live in these conditions in seismic zones generating a high-risk situation. Experimental and numerical studies are needed in order to evaluate the reliability of low-cost DSRW and to validate or improve traditional techniques. The objective of this ongoing research is to design and construct a full-scale testing equipment to assess DSRW performance against lateral out-of-plane seismic forces. The methodology consists in the following steps: (1) Review of state-of-art of experimental testing of DSRW, (2) Analysis of failure modes of similar constructions (3) Conceptual and structural design of optimum full-scale testing equipment, (4) Construction planning (blueprints and budget) and (5) Construction and operation. Testing equipment found in technical literature can be classified into two groups according to the applied force: dynamic and static. Forces in dynamic tests are the result of acceleration imposed to the specimen, e.g. shaking tables and centrifuge machines. Forces in static testing are applied by hydrostatic pressure, lateral earth pressure, and specimen´s weight. Applied forces in dynamic tests simulate seismic forces well. On the other hand, it is a high cost solution and requires very specialized staff for operation and maintenance. Static alternatives are more affordable but seismic forces are roughly simulated by static forces. In this work a tilt table is proposed to test full-scale specimens. In this test, the specimen is built in a horizontal table that is slowly rotated.  In this way, a static out-of-plane force acts in each particle of the specimen. The magnitude of the total force is the specimen´s weight multiplied by the sin of the rotating angle. Static test results could be conservative but they could give a good approach to understand DSRW damage accumulation process and failure. Two equipments were proposed: (1) tilting table for monotonic static test and (2) tilting table for cylic test. We compare costs, required area, construction feasibility, and operation manageability. We conclude that both of them are straightforward solutions to assess DSRW performance against out-of-plane lateral forces.

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