scholarly journals Fermentation of low-cost sustainable feedstocks to produce low-greenhouse gas generating food proteins

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deepti Tanjore ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Food Proteins

scholarly journals A Portfolio Policy Package to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Atmosphere ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 337 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Freebairn
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Market Failures ◽  
Gas Emissions ◽  
Policy Interventions ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
Reduce Emissions ◽  
The Many ◽  
Portfolio Policy

Arguments for a portfolio of price, regulation and subsidy policy interventions to reduce the production and consumption of greenhouse gas emissions are presented. The operation and effects of each intervention are described and compared. A combination of different sets of market failures across the many potential decision changes available to producers and consumers to reduce emissions and different properties of the mitigation instruments support a portfolio approach to reduce emissions at a low cost.

scholarly journals LISA: a lightweight stratospheric air sampler

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 6785-6801 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joram J. D. Hooghiem ◽  
Marcel de Vries ◽  
Henk A. Been ◽  
Pauli Heikkinen ◽  
Rigel Kivi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Mole Fraction ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
High Accuracy ◽  
Vertical Resolution ◽  
Balloon Flight ◽  
Air Samples ◽  
Air Sampler ◽  
Custom Made

Abstract. We developed a new lightweight stratospheric air sampler (LISA). The LISA sampler is designed to collect four bag samples in the stratosphere during a balloon flight for CO2, CH4 and CO mole fraction measurements. It consists of four multi-layer foil (MLF) sampling bags, a custom-made manifold, and a diaphragm pump, with a total weight of ∼2.5 kg. A series of laboratory storage tests were performed to assess the stability of CO2, CH4 and CO mole fractions in both MLF and Tedlar bags. The MLF bag was chosen due to its better overall performance than the Tedlar bag for the three species CO2, CH4 and CO. Furthermore, we evaluated the performance of the pump under low pressure conditions to optimize a trade-off between the vertical resolution and the sample size. The LISA sampler was flown on the same balloon flight with an AirCore in Sodankylä, Finland (67.368∘ N, 26.633∘ E, 179 m a.s.l.), on 26 April and 4–7 September 2017. A total of 15 stratospheric air samples were obtained during the ascent of four flights. The sample size ranges between 800 and 180 mL for the altitude between 12 and 25 km, with the corresponding vertical resolution ranging from 0.5 to 1.5 km. The collected air samples were analysed for CO2, CH4 and CO mole fractions, and evaluated against AirCore retrieved profiles, showing mean differences of 0.84 ppm for CO2, 1.8 ppb for CH4 and 6.3 ppb for CO, respectively. High-accuracy stratospheric measurements of greenhouse gas mole fractions are useful to validate remote sensing measurements from ground and from space, which has been performed primarily by comparison with collocated aircraft measurements (0.15–13 km), and more recently with AirCore observations (0–30 km). While AirCore is capable of achieving high-accuracy greenhouse gas mole fraction measurements, it is challenging to obtain accurate altitude registration for AirCore measurements. The LISA sampler provides a viable low-cost tool for retrieving stratospheric air samples for greenhouse gas measurements that is complementary to AirCore. Furthermore, the LISA sampler is advantageous in both the vertical resolution and sample size for performing routine stratospheric measurements of the isotopic composition of trace gases.

When Low-Carbon means Low-Cost

2011 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 12-25
Author(s):  
Stephen J. Salter
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Industrial Ecology ◽  
Waste Heat ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
The United States ◽  
Embodied Energy ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Outer Continental Shelf ◽  
North Shore

Ecology is often discussed as a matter of balance, in which environmental protection must be affordable and not interfere with jobs or the economy. At the same time, the economy is based on wastefulness. It has been estimated that the embodied energy in wasted food in the United States is greater than the energy available from the production of ethanol and from the annual yield from petroleum drilling in the outer continental shelf (Cuéllar & Webber, 2010). In addition, rising demand for fossil fuels is being met by sources that bring increasing environmental risk. This paper summarizes the industrial ecology aspects of a 2010 study completed by a cross-functional team of specialists in ecology, engineering, economics, and governance in Vancouver, Canada. The Integrated Resource Recovery Study, Metro Vancouver North Shore Communities (the North Shore Study) modeled the value of producing reclaimed water, electricity, and heat from wastewater, clean organic wood waste, and waste heat from industry simultaneously. The results suggest that this integrated approach could yield significant ecological benefits, and reduce the community’s greenhouse gas emissions by 25%. In addition, revenues from sales of recovered heat, water, greenhouse gas credits, and fertilizer could significantly reduce the cost of municipal waste management to taxpayers.

scholarly journals LISA: a lightweight stratospheric air sampler

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joram J. D. Hooghiem ◽  
Marcel de Vries ◽  
Henk A. Been ◽  
Pauli Heikkinen ◽  
Rigel Kivi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Mole Fraction ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
High Accuracy ◽  
Vertical Resolution ◽  
Balloon Flight ◽  
Air Samples ◽  
Air Sampler ◽  
Custom Made

Abstract. We developed a new LIghtweight Stratospheric Air sampler (LISA). The LISA sampler is designed to collect four bag samples in the stratosphere during a balloon flight for CO2, CH4 and CO mole fraction measurements. It consists of 4 Multi-Layer Foil (MLF) sampling bags, a custom-made manifold, and a diaphragm pump, with a total weight of ~ 2.5 kg. A series of laboratory storage tests were performed to assess the stability of CO2, CH4, CO and H2O mole fractions in both MLF and Tedlar bags. The MLF bag was chosen due to its better overall performance than the Tedlar bag for the four species CO2, CH4, CO and H2O. Furthermore, we evaluated the performance of the pump under low-pressure conditions to optimise a trade-off between the vertical resolution and the sample size. The LISA sampler was flown on the same balloon flight with an AirCore in Sodankylä, Finland (67.368° N, 26.633° E, 179 m a.s.l.) on 26 April and 4–7 September, 2017. A total of 15 stratospheric air samples were obtained during the ascent of four flights. The sample size ranges between 800 to 180 mL for the altitude between 12 and 25 km, with the corresponding vertical resolution ranging from 0.5 to 1.5 km. The collected air samples were analysed for CO2, CH4 and CO mole fractions, and evaluated against AirCore retrieved profiles, showing mean differences of 0.84 ppm for CO2, 1.8 ppb for CH4 and 6.3 ppb for CO, respectively. High-accuracy stratospheric measurements of greenhouse gas mole fractions are useful to validate remote sensing measurements from ground and from space, which has been primarily performed by comparison with collocated aircraft measurements (0.15–13 km), and more recently with AirCore observations (0–30 km). While AirCore is capable of achieving high-accuracy greenhouse gas mole fraction measurements, it is challenging to obtain accurate altitude registration for AirCore measurements. The LISA sampler provides a viable low-cost tool for retrieving stratospheric air samples for greenhouse gas measurements that is complementary to AirCore. Furthermore, The LISA sampler is advantageous in both the vertical resolution and the sample size to perform routine stratospheric measurements of isotopic compositions of trace gases.

scholarly journals Transglutaminases - a review with special reference to microbial transglutaminase and its application in food processing

2017 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 311
Author(s):  
Z. TZIKAS (Ζ. ΤΖΗΚΑΣ) ◽  
I. AMBROSIADIS (Ι. ΑΜΒΡΟΣΙΑΔΗΣ)
Keyword(s):  
Food Processing ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Wheat Gluten ◽  
Egg Yolk ◽  
High Price ◽  
Separation And Purification ◽  
Food Proteins ◽  
Lower Protein ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Living Organisms

Some properties and applications of the transglutaminase (TG), with particular focus on TG derived from microorganisms (MTG), are described. TG catalyzes an acyltransfer reaction in which the γ-carboxyamide groups of pep tidebound glutamine residues are the acyl-donors. Most food proteins, such as legume globulins, wheat gluten and gliadin, egg yolk and egg white proteins, meat actins and myosins, gelatin, collagen, milk caseins, a-lactalbumin and /Mactoglobulin, could be crosslinked by TG. TG are present in an extremely broad spectrum of living organisms, such as humans, most advanced animals, birds, amphibians, fish, plants and microorganisms. Commercial TG has been merely obtained from animal tissues for decades. The limited supply and the complicated separation and purification procedure for obtaining tissue TG have resulted in an extremely high price of the enzyme, which hampers a wide application in food processing. MTG, mass-produced at low cost by fermentation, catalyses the cross-linking of most food proteins through the formation of c-(v-glutamyl) lysine bonds, in the same way as wellknown mammalian enzymes. However, MTG is quite unique from other mammalian TG, since it is totally independent of Ca + and has a relatively lower molecular weight. The results of many studies suggest that MTG has many potential applications in food processing. Food treated with MTG appeared to have an improved flavour, appearance and texture. In addition, this enzyme can increase shelf-life and reduce allergenicity of certain foods. Using additional components, such as sodium ceseinate, maltodextrine and starch, MTG can be customized for use in many other foods, even those with lower protein content. In this respect, MTG technology will be an essential tool for producing acceptable protein foods from non-animal proteins in the future.

scholarly journals Cross-American Experiences in an Ambitious Energy Reduction and Policy Implementation Project

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Spiegelhalter ◽  
◽  
Camilo Rosales ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Policy Implementation ◽  
Trinidad And Tobago ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Energy Reduction ◽  
Pilot Projects ◽  
Implementation Project ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Reduction

This paper is a summary of cross-American experiences while researching and implementing a considerable energy reduction grant in three Latin American municipalities: Valdivia, Chile; Goiania, Brazil, and Port of Spain in Trinidad and Tobago. The project involves over 400 buildings in three different bioclimatic zones. The grant’s purpose is to demonstrate how no-cost or low-cost strategies could be deployed as efficient examples of energy savings and greenhouse gas reduction in municipal buildings. The program, conducted through pilot projects, has been designed to influence many other cities in the participating countries and beyond.

scholarly journals The BErkeley Atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> Observation Network: initial evaluation

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexis A. Shusterman ◽  
Virginia Teige ◽  
Alexander J. Turner ◽  
Catherine Newman ◽  
Jinsol Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Atmospheric Transport ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
Spatial Density ◽  
World Population ◽  
Observation Network

Abstract. With the majority of the world population residing in urban areas, attempts to monitor and mitigate greenhouse gas emissions must necessarily center on cities. However, existing carbon dioxide observation networks are ill-equipped to resolve the specific intra-city emission phenomena targeted by regulation. Here we describe the design and implementation of the BErkeley Atmospheric CO2 Observation Network (BEACO2N), a distributed CO2 monitoring instrument that utilizes low-cost technology to achieve unprecedented spatial density throughout and around the city of Oakland, California. We characterize the network in terms of four performance parameters–cost, reliability, precision, and bias–and find the BEACO2N approach to be sufficiently cost-effective and reliable while nonetheless providing high-quality atmospheric observations. First results from the initial installation successfully capture hourly, daily, and seasonal CO2 signals relevant to urban environments on spatial scales that cannot be accurately represented by atmospheric transport models alone, demonstrating the utility of high-resolution surface networks in urban greenhouse gas monitoring efforts.

scholarly journals Technical note: Facilitating the use of low-cost methane (CH<sub>4</sub>) sensors in flux chambers – calibration, data processing, and an open source make-it-yourself logger

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Bastviken ◽  
Jonatan Nygren ◽  
Jonathan Schenk ◽  
Roser Parellada Massana ◽  
Nguyen Thanh Duc
Keyword(s):  
Data Processing ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Technical Note ◽  
Calibration Data ◽  
Sources And Sinks ◽  
Major Bottleneck ◽  
Flux Chambers ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
Source Sink

Abstract. A major bottleneck regarding the efforts to better quantify greenhouse gas fluxes, map sources and sinks, and understand flux regulation, is the shortage of low-cost and accurate-enough measurement methods. The studies of methane (CH4) – a long-lived greenhouse gas increasing rapidly but irregularly in the atmosphere for unclear reasons, and with poorly understood source-sink attribution – suffer from such method limitations. This study present new calibration and data processing approaches for use of a low-cost CH4 sensor in flux chambers. Results show that the change in relative CH4 levels can be determined at rather high accuracy in the 2–700 ppm range, with modest efforts of collecting reference samples in situ, and without continuous access to expensive reference instruments. These results open for more affordable and time-effective measurements of CH4 in flux chambers. To facilitate such measurements, we also provide a description for building and using an Arduino logger for CH4, carbon dioxide (CO2), humidity, and temperature.

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