Area G Perimeter Surface-Soil Sampling Environmental Surveillance for Fiscal Year 1998 Hazardous and Solid Waste Group (ESH-19)

Aims of the study: This study aims (i) to monitor the amount of dust deposition during dry season in the moist temperate forest; (ii) to study nature of P fractions in the dust samples falling on the trees in the region; (iii) to study soil P fractions as influenced by the processes of throughfall and stemflow of a Blue Pine (Pinus wallichiana) canopy and to finger print the contribution of dust towards P input in the temperate forest ecosystem.Area of study: The site used for the collection of soil samples was situated at an elevation of 6900 feet above sea levels (temperate forest in Himalaya region) in the Thandani area national forest located in the north west of Pakistan.Material and methods: For soil sampling and processing, three forest sites with three old tree plants per site were selected at approximately leveled plain for surface soil sampling. Two dust samples were collected and analyzed for different physicochemical properties along with different P fractions. First dust sample was collected from a site situated at an elevation of 4000 feet and second one was collected from an elevation of 6500 feet above sea levels. Modified Hedley procedure for the fractionation of P in the dust and soil samples were used.Main results: The input of dust was 43 and 20 kg ha-1 during drier months of the year (September-June) at lower and higher elevation sites respectively, and the dust from lower elevation site had relative more all P fractions than the other dust sample. However, HCl-Pi fraction was dominant in both samples. Both labile (water plus NaHCO3) and non-labile (NaOH plus HCl) inorganic P (Pi) fractions were significantly increased in the surface soil by both stemflow and throughfall compared to the open field soil. The buildup of NaOH and HCl-Pi pools in soils underneath the canopy might prove useful in fingerprinting the contribution of atmospheric dust towards P cycling in this temperate forest.Research highlights: The role of dust in the cycling of P in temperate forest in Himalaya region.Keywords: soil phosphorus fractions; atmospheric dust; stemflow, throughfall; temperate forest.

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Surface soil sampling plan for the 200-UP-2 operable unit

10.2172/10144119 ◽

1994 ◽

Author(s):

R.M. Mitchell

Keyword(s):

Surface Soil ◽

Soil Sampling ◽

Sampling Plan

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Utilization of Limed Flesh Through Fat Extraction and Soap Preparation

European Journal of Engineering Research and Science ◽

10.24018/ejers.2019.4.10.1575 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 4 (10) ◽

pp. 198-202

Author(s):

Estehad Pathan ◽

Sobur Ahmed ◽

Saidur Rahman Shakil

Keyword(s):

Solid Waste ◽

Large Scale ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Total Solid ◽

Industrial Area ◽

Fiscal Year ◽

Scale Production ◽

Leather Industry ◽

Leather Processing ◽

Fat Extraction

Leather industry is an export oriented industry in Bangladesh and according to the Export Promotion Bureau, in the fiscal year 2017–2018 leather sector earned US$1.03 billion by exporting leather, leather products, and footwear [1] . But it is a matter of great concern that this industry produces lots of pollution which impacts on our environment immensely. Normally thousands of kg raw cattle hide converts into 200kg finished leather [2]. Leather processing (tanning) is a complex procedure comprising of several technological steps to shield the raw hide/skin against microbiological degradation as well as to stabilize collagen with defined tanning agents which produce a significant amount of waste. Wastes originate from all stages of leather manufacturing, such as tiny particles, residues from various tanning stages and reagents from different waste liquors comprising of cuttings of raw hides and skins , trimmings and shavings, fleshing residues, solid hair debris [3]. In this conversion process the amount of total solid waste produces is about 450-550kg. This work is intended to develop a fat extraction method from the limed flashings for soap production. In leather processing, just after washing, following the liming process, swollen pelts (lime treated hide/skin) have to pass through an operation to remove the remaining fat and flesh from the flesh side in order to improve the diffusion of chemicals into pelt is known as fleshing. Generally, fleshings are kept indiscriminately nearly the industrial area as green, which has an adverse effect on the environment including human health. It contains a considerable amount of fat, which could be great source raw materials for soap. The process could be optimized for large scale production, which would be allowed to produce a new product for the commercial use. The approach could also contribute a significant reduction in the environmental impact of inevitable solid waste and decrease the costs associated with disposal.

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