scholarly journals Sodium Removal from Hanford Waste Simulants Using Hydrated Antimony Pentoxide

10.2172/14892 ◽  
1999 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.L. Tovo
Keyword(s):  
Hydrated Antimony Pentoxide ◽  
Sodium Removal

Problems of Radioactive Sodium Removal and Disposal From Decommissioning LMFR Equipment

1997 ◽  
Vol 506 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu. Ye. Shtynda ◽  
V. I. Polyakov
Keyword(s):  
Radioactive Wastes ◽  
Primary Circuit ◽  
Minimum Volume ◽  
Safe Disposal ◽  
Radionuclide Sorption ◽  
Sodium Removal ◽  
Radioactive Sodium

ABSTRACTPreparing for safe disposal of the LMFR primary circuit equipment and sodium reprocessing for storage and burial with minimum volume of radioactive wastes resulted in testing of radionuclide sorption trapping, distillation and rinsing with water under vacuum used for safe sodium removal and decontamination of equipment.

Morphological and Electrophysiological Evidence for an Ionotropic GABA Receptor of Novel Pharmacology

2002 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
pp. 250-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.-W. Shen ◽  
M. H. Higgs ◽  
D. Salvay ◽  
J. W. Olney ◽  
P. D. Lukasiewicz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Gaba Receptor ◽  
Amacrine Cells ◽  
Bipolar Cells ◽  
Gaba A ◽  
Sodium Removal ◽  
Electrophysiological Evidence ◽  
Whole Cell Patch Clamp ◽  
Current Voltage ◽  
Toxicological Studies

Evidence from toxicological studies suggested that an ionotropic GABA receptor of novel pharmacology (picrotoxin-insensitive, bicuculline-sensitive) exists in the chick embryo retina. In this report, we provide direct morphological and electrophysiological evidence for the existence of such an iGABA receptor. Chick embryo retinas (14–16 days old) incubated in the presence of kainic acid showed pronounced histopathology in all retinal layers. Maximal protection from this toxicity required a combination of bicuculline and picrotoxin. Individual application of the antagonists indicated that a picrotoxin-insensitive, bicuculline-sensitive GABA receptor is likely to be present on ganglion and amacrine, but not bipolar, cells. GABA currents in embryonic and mature chicken retinal neurons were measured by whole cell patch clamp. GABA was puffed at the dendritic processes in the IPL. Picrotoxin (500 μM, in the bath) eliminated all (>95%) the GABA current in the majority of ganglion and amacrine cells tested, but many cells possessed a substantial picrotoxin-insensitive component. This current was eliminated by bicuculline (200 μM). This current was not a transporter-associated current, since it was not altered by GABA transport blockers or sodium removal. The current–voltage relation was linear and reversed near E Cl, as expected for a ligand-gated chloride current. Both pentobarbital and lorazepam enhanced the picrotoxin-insensitive current. We conclude that chicken retinal ganglion and amacrine cells express a GABA receptor that is GABA-A–like, in that it can be blocked by bicuculline, and positively modulated by barbiturates and benzodiazepines, but is insensitive to the noncompetitive blocker picrotoxin. Understanding the molecular properties of this receptor will be important for understanding both physiological GABA neurotransmission and the pathology of GABA receptor overactivation.

scholarly journals Sodium removal in peritoneal dialysis: is there room for a new parameter in dialysis adequacy?

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 151-157
Author(s):  
Anna Lima ◽  
Joana Tavares ◽  
Nicole Pestana ◽  
Maria João Carvalho ◽  
António Cabrita ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Peritoneal Dialysis ◽  
Volume Overload ◽  
Residual Renal Function ◽  
Dialysis Adequacy ◽  
Sodium Removal ◽  
Low Sodium ◽  
Major Attention ◽  
New Strategies ◽  
Small Solute ◽  
Solute Clearance

In peritoneal dialysis (PD) (as well as in hemodialysis) small solute clearance measured as Kt/v urea has long been used as a surrogate of dialysis adequacy. A better urea clearance was initially thought to increase survival in dialysis patients (as shown in the CANUSA trial)(1), but  reanalysis of the data showed a superior contribution of residual renal function as a predictor of patient survival. Two randomized controlled trials (RCT)(2, 3)  supported this observation, demonstrating no survival benefit in patients with higher achieved Kt/v. Then guidelines were revised and a minimum Kt/v of 1,7/week was recommended but little emphasis was given to additional parameters of dialysis adequacy. As such, volume overload and sodium removal have gained major attention, since their optimization has been associated with decreased mortality in PD patients(4, 5). Inadequate sodium removal is associated with fluid overload which leads to ventricular hypertrophy and increased cardiovascular mortality(6). Individualized prescription is key for optimal sodium removal as there are differences between PD techniques (CAPD versus APD) and new strategies for sodium removal have emerged (low sodium solutions and adapted PD). In conclusion, future guidelines should address parameters associated with increased survival outcomes (sodium removal playing an important role) and abandon the current one fit all prescription model.

Cation dependence of renal outer cortical brush border membrane L-glutamate transport

1985 ◽  
Vol 248 (6) ◽  
pp. F869-F875
Author(s):  
Y. Fukuhara ◽  
R. J. Turner
Keyword(s):  
Brush Border ◽  
Brush Border Membrane ◽  
Membrane Vesicles ◽  
Monovalent Cation ◽  
Glutamate Transport ◽  
Sodium Removal ◽  
Renal Brush Border Membrane ◽  
Dependent Component ◽  
Hill Coefficients ◽  
Sodium And Potassium

The cation dependence of L-glutamate transport in renal outer cortical brush border membrane vesicles was studied. Both cis sodium and trans potassium were required for optimal L-glutamate flux. Relative to simultaneous sodium (out greater than in) and potassium (in greater than out) gradient conditions, flux was reduced 50-fold by potassium removal and more than 100-fold by sodium removal. The effect of potassium removal in this preparation was markedly larger than that observed in other renal brush border membrane preparations. No other monovalent cation tested was effective in replacing sodium. However, Rb+ and Cs+ and to a lesser degree NH+4 were found to be effective potassium substitutes. Kinetic analysis of the Na/K-dependent component of L-glutamate flux indicated a single transport system of Km = 13 microM and Vmax = 1.3 nmol X min-1 X mg protein-1. Studies of the dependence of L-glutamate flux on potassium and sodium concentrations yielded Hill coefficients of 0.9 and 1.9, respectively, consistent with involvement of one potassium ion and two or more sodium ions in the L-glutamate transport event. Efflux studies indicated that sodium and potassium act at different steps in the transport cycle, sodium to facilitate the translocation of the glutamate-carrier complex, and potassium to facilitate the return of the unloaded carrier. A model for renal Na/K-dependent L-glutamate transport is suggested on the basis of these results.

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