scholarly journals Temperature, Oxygen, and Soot-Volume-Fraction Measurements in a Turbulent C2H4-Fueled Jet Flame

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sean P. Kearney ◽  
Daniel Robert Guildenbecher ◽  
Caroline Winters ◽  
Paul Abraham Farias ◽  
Thomas W. Grasser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Soot Volume Fraction ◽  
Jet Flame

Impact of Soot Radiative Properties, Pressure and Soot Volume Fraction on Radiative Heat Transfer in Turbulent Sooty Flames

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Torres Monclard ◽  
Olivier Gicquel ◽  
Ronan Vicquelin
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Thermal Radiation ◽  
Radiative Heat Transfer ◽  
Radiative Heat ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Soot Volume Fraction ◽  
Turbulent Flames ◽  
Radiative Properties ◽  
Jet Flame ◽  
Soot Particles

Abstract The effect of soot radiation modeling, pressure, and level of soot volume fraction are investigated in two ethylene-air turbulent flames: a jet flame at atmospheric pressure studied at Sandia, and a confined pressurized flame studied at DLR. Both cases have previously been computed with large-eddy simulations coupled with thermal radiation. The present study aims at determining and analyzing the thermal radiation field for different models from these numerical results. A Monte-Carlo solver based on the Emission Reciprocity Method is used to solve the radiative transfer equation with detailed gas and soot properties in both configurations. The participating gases properties are described by an accurate narrowband ck model. Emission, absorption, and scattering from soot particles are accounted for. Two formulations of the soot refractive index are considered: a constant value and a wavelength formulation dependency. This is combined with different models for soot radiative properties: gray, Rayleigh theory, Rayleigh-Debye-Gans theory for fractal aggregates. The effects of soot radiative scattering is often neglected since their contribution is expected to be small. This contribution is determined quantitatively in different scenarios, showing great sensitivity to the soot particles morphology. For the same soot volume fraction, scattering from larger aggregates is found to modify the radiative heat transfer noticeably. Such a finding outlines the need for detailed information on soot particles. Finally, the role of soot volume fraction and pressure on radiative interactions between both solid and gaseous phases is investigated.

scholarly journals Effects of Fuel Molecular Weight on Emissions in a Jet Flame and a Model Gas Turbine Combustor

2017 ◽  
Vol 140 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anandkumar Makwana ◽  
Suresh Iyer ◽  
Milton Linevsky ◽  
Robert Santoro ◽  
Thomas Litzinger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Soot Formation ◽  
Premixed Flames ◽  
Soot Volume Fraction ◽  
Spatial Development ◽  
Gas Turbine Combustor ◽  
Jet Flames ◽  
Jet Flame ◽  
Model Gas Turbine Combustor

The objective of this study is to understand the effects of fuel volatility on soot emissions. This effect is investigated in two experimental configurations: a jet flame and a model gas turbine combustor. The jet flame provides information about the effects of fuel on the spatial development of aromatics and soot in an axisymmetric, co-flow, laminar flame. The data from the model gas turbine combustor illustrate the effect of fuel volatility on net soot production under conditions similar to an actual engine at cruise. Two fuels with different boiling points are investigated: n-heptane/n-dodecane mixture and n-hexadecane/n-dodecane mixture. The jet flames are nonpremixed and rich premixed flames in order to have fuel conditions similar to those in the primary zone of an aircraft engine combustor. The results from the jet flames indicate that the peak soot volume fraction produced in the n-hexadecane fuel is slightly higher as compared to the n-heptane fuel for both nonpremixed and premixed flames. Comparison of aromatics and soot volume fraction in nonpremixed and premixed flames shows significant differences in the spatial development of aromatics and soot along the downstream direction. The results from the model combustor indicate that, within experiment uncertainty, the net soot production is similar in both n-heptane and n-hexadecane fuel mixtures. Finally, we draw conclusions about important processes for soot formation in gas turbine combustor and what can be learned from laboratory-scale flames.

Effects of Fuel Molecular Weight on Emissions in a Jet Flame and a Model Gas Turbine Combustor

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anandkumar Makwana ◽  
Suresh Iyer ◽  
Milton Linevsky ◽  
Robert Santoro ◽  
Thomas Litzinger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Premixed Flames ◽  
Soot Volume Fraction ◽  
Spatial Development ◽  
Inlet Temperature ◽  
Gas Turbine Combustor ◽  
Jet Flames ◽  
Jet Flame ◽  
Model Gas Turbine Combustor

The objective of this study is to understand the effects of fuel volatility on soot emissions. The effect of fuel volatility on soot is investigated in two experimental configurations: a jet flame and a model gas turbine combustor. The jet flame experiment provides information about the effects of fuel on the spatial development of aromatics and soot in an axisymmetric, co-flow, laminar flame at atmospheric pressure. The data from the model gas turbine combustor illustrate the effect of fuel volatility on net soot production under conditions similar to an actual engine at cruise, operated at 5 atm, an inlet temperature of 560 K, and an inlet global equivalence ratio of 0.9 to 1.8. Two fuels with different boiling points are investigated: n-heptane/n-dodecane mixture and n-hexadecane/n-dodecane mixture. The n-hexadecane has a boiling point of 287° C as compared to 216° C for n-dodecane and 98° C for n-heptane. The jet flames investigated are non-premixed and premixed flames (jet equivalence ratios of 24 and 6) in order to have fuel rich conditions similar to those in the primary zone of an aircraft engine combustor. The results from the jet flames indicate that the peak soot volume fraction produced in the n-hexadecane fuel is slightly higher as compared to the n-heptane fuel for both non-premixed and premixed flames. The comparison of aromatics and soot volume fraction in non-premixed and premixed flames shows significant differences in the spatial development of aromatics and soot along the downstream direction. The results from the model combustor indicate that, within experiment uncertainty, the net soot production is similar in both n-heptane and n-hexadecane fuel mixtures. In comparing the results from these two burner configurations, we draw conclusions about important processes for soot formation in gas turbine combustors and what can be learned from laboratory-scale flames.

Deconvolution of Temperature and Soot Volume Fraction in a Turbulent Ethylene Flame by Inverse Spectral Radiation Analysis

Volume 4 ◽  
2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuan Zheng ◽  
Jay P. Gore
Keyword(s):  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Soot Volume Fraction ◽  
Turbulent Flames ◽  
Gradient Algorithm ◽  
Spectral Radiation ◽  
Jet Flame ◽  
Ethylene Flame ◽  
Simultaneous Reconstruction ◽  
Local Mean ◽  
Good Agreement

We report a new non-intrusive diagnostics technique for the simultaneous reconstruction of temperature (T) and soot volume fraction (fv) profiles in axi-symmetric turbulent luminous flames. Line-of-sight spectral radiation intensities (Iλ) for one diametric and nine chord-like radiation paths from a representative horizontal plane of a turbulent ethylene jet flame were measured by a fast infrared array spectrometer. By inverse analysis of the measured mean Iλ at four wavelengths where continuum radiation from soot particles dominates, four local scalar statistics, including mean and root-mean-square (rms) of T and fv, were de-convoluted. Powell’s conjugate-gradient algorithm and Brent’s line minimization algorithm were adopted in solving the present four-variable inverse problem. The calculated mean Iλ matched the experimental data very well within a 3% difference in general. The reconstructed local mean/rms T and fv distributions were in reasonably good agreement with sampling data from similar turbulent flames.

Coupling LES with soot model for the study of soot volume fraction in a turbulent diffusion jet flames at various Reynolds number configurations

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed Ibrahim N.H. ◽  
M. Udayakumar ◽  
Sivan Suresh ◽  
Suvanjan Bhattacharyya ◽  
Mohsen Sharifpur
Keyword(s):  
Reynolds Number ◽  
Nucleation Rate ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Soot Volume Fraction ◽  
Surface Oxidation ◽  
Surface Growth ◽  
Nitrogen Diffusion ◽  
Coagulation Rate ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Jet Flame

Purpose This study aims to investigate the insights of soot formation such as rate of soot coagulation, rate of soot nucleation, rate of soot surface growth and soot surface oxidation in ethylene/hydrogen/nitrogen diffusion jet flame at standard atmospheric conditions, which is very challenging to capture even with highly sophisticated measuring systems such as Laser Induced Incandescence and Planar laser-induced fluorescence. The study also aims to investigate the volume of soot in the flame using soot volume fraction and to understand the global correlation effect in the formation of soot in ethylene/hydrogen/nitrogen diffusion jet flame. Design/methodology/approach A large eddy simulation (LES) was performed using box filtered subgrid-scale tensor. A filtered and residual component of the governing equations such as continuity, momentum, energy and species are resolved and modeled, respectively. All the filtered and residual components are numerically solved using the ILU method by considering PISO pressure–velocity solver. All the hyperbolic flux uses the QUICK algorithm, and an elliptic flux uses SOU to evaluate face values. In all the cases, Courant–Friedrichs–Lewy (CFL) conditions are maintained unity. Findings The findings are as follows: soot volume fraction (SVF) as a function of a flame-normalized length for three different Reynolds number configurations (Re = 15,000, Re = 8,000 and Re = 5,000) using LES; soot gas phase and particulate phase insights such as rate of soot nucleation, rate of soot coagulation, rate of soot surface growth and soot surface oxidation for three different Reynolds number configurations (Re = 15,000, Re = 8,000 and Re = 5,000); and soot global correction using total soot volume in the flame volume as a function of Reynolds number and Froude number. Originality/value The originality of this study includes the following: coupling LES turbulent model with chemical equilibrium diffusion combustion conjunction with semi-empirical Brookes Moss Hall (BMH) soot model by choosing C6H6 as a soot precursor kinetic pathway; insights of soot formations such as rate of soot nucleation, soot coagulation rate, soot surface growth rate and soot oxidation rate for ethylene/hydrogen/nitrogen co-flow flame; and SVF and its insights study for three inlet fuel port configurations having the three different Reynolds number (Re = 15,000, Re = 8,000 and Re = 5,000).

Simultaneous planar measurements of temperature and soot volume fraction in a turbulent non-premixed jet flame

2015 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 1931-1938 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.M. Mahmoud ◽  
G.J. Nathan ◽  
P.R. Medwell ◽  
B.B. Dally ◽  
Z.T. Alwahabi
Keyword(s):  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Soot Volume Fraction ◽  
Jet Flame

scholarly journals Effect of the Preheated Oxidizer Temperature on Soot Formation and Flame Structure in Turbulent Methane-Air Diffusion Flames at 1 and 3 atm: A CFD Investigation

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (12) ◽  
pp. 3671
Author(s):  
Subrat Garnayak ◽  
Subhankar Mohapatra ◽  
Sukanta K. Dash ◽  
Bok Jik Lee ◽  
V. Mahendra Reddy
Keyword(s):  
Mole Fraction ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Reaction Rate ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Diffusion Flames ◽  
Soot Formation ◽  
Flame Structure ◽  
Soot Volume Fraction ◽  
Computational Domain ◽  
Pressure Elevation

This article presents the results of computations on pilot-based turbulent methane/air co-flow diffusion flames under the influence of the preheated oxidizer temperature ranging from 293 to 723 K at two operating pressures of 1 and 3 atm. The focus is on investigating the soot formation and flame structure under the influence of both the preheated air and combustor pressure. The computations were conducted in a 2D axisymmetric computational domain by solving the Favre averaged governing equation using the finite volume-based CFD code Ansys Fluent 19.2. A steady laminar flamelet model in combination with GRI Mech 3.0 was considered for combustion modeling. A semi-empirical acetylene-based soot model proposed by Brookes and Moss was adopted to predict soot. A careful validation was initially carried out with the measurements by Brookes and Moss at 1 and 3 atm with the temperature of both fuel and air at 290 K before carrying out further simulation using preheated air. The results by the present computation demonstrated that the flame peak temperature increased with air temperature for both 1 and 3 atm, while it reduced with pressure elevation. The OH mole fraction, signifying reaction rate, increased with a rise in the oxidizer temperature at the two operating pressures of 1 and 3 atm. However, a reduced value of OH mole fraction was observed at 3 atm when compared with 1 atm. The soot volume fraction increased with air temperature as well as pressure. The reaction rate by soot surface growth, soot mass-nucleation, and soot-oxidation rate increased with an increase in both air temperature and pressure. Finally, the fuel consumption rate showed a decreasing trend with air temperature and an increasing trend with pressure elevation.

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