Final Report: Evaluation of Alternative Technologies for Ethylene, Caustic-Chlorine, Ethylene Oxide, Ammonia, and Terephthalic Acid

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
none, ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Ethylene Oxide ◽  
Terephthalic Acid ◽  
Final Report ◽  
Alternative Technologies

scholarly journals The Effects of Solvents on the Reaction of Terephthalic Acid and Ethylene Oxide

1971 ◽  
Vol 74 (12) ◽  
pp. 2485-2490 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hideo OKEDA ◽  
Kisaburo YAMAGAMI ◽  
Kichiji ENOKI ◽  
Toshiyuki TANI
Keyword(s):  
Ethylene Oxide ◽  
Terephthalic Acid

Kinetics of the reaction between terephthalic acid and ethylene oxide under high pressure

1976 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 427-433 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Bhatia ◽  
M. Gopala Rao ◽  
M. Someswara Rao
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Ethylene Oxide ◽  
Terephthalic Acid ◽  
Kinetics Of

scholarly journals The Effects of Catalysts on the Reaction of Terephthalic Acid and Ethylene Oxide

1973 ◽  
pp. 132-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kichiji Enoki ◽  
Toshiyuki Tani ◽  
Hideo Okeda ◽  
Kisaburo Yamagami
Keyword(s):  
Ethylene Oxide ◽  
Terephthalic Acid

Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Oleth-2, -3, -4, -5, -6, -7, -8, -9, -10, -11, -12, -15, -16, -20, -23, -25, -30, -40, -44, and -501

1999 ◽  
Vol 18 (2_suppl) ◽  
pp. 17-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Alan Andersen
Keyword(s):  
Polyethylene Glycol ◽  
Ethylene Oxide ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Oleyl Alcohol ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Developmental Toxicity ◽  
Final Report ◽  
Exposure Group ◽  
Cosmetic Formulations ◽  
Mild Irritant

The Oleth family of ingredients are the polyethylene glycol (PEG) ethers of oleyl alcohol. They are manufactured by the ethoxylation of oleyl alcohol with the number of moles of ethylene oxide corresponding to the average polyethylene glycol chain length desired. Not all of the polymer chain lengths covered in this assessment are currently reported to be used, but all are listed as cosmetic ingredients and may have been used in the past and could be used in the future. Oleths are surfactants used as emulsifying, cleansing, and solubilizing agents in cosmetic formulations. Limited safety test data are available on ingredients in the Oleth family, all consistent with surfactant properties. In feeding studies, Oleth-20 was associated with reduced body weight gain. Hepatic lesions in one exposure group were not found in any other exposure group, but were found in the controls. Oleth-20 and Oleth-10 were found to have moderate ocular irritation potential, and Oleth-10 was considered to be a cumulative skin irritant. Toxicity data, including reproductive and developmental toxicity, carcinogenesis data, and clinical testing data, available from previous safety assessments on Polyethylene Glycol and Oleyl Alcohol, were summarized. The principal finding related to PEGs, based on clinical data in burn patients, is that PEGs were mild irritant/sensitizers and there was evidence of nephrotoxicity. No such effects were seen in animal studies on intact skin. Cosmetic manufacturers should adjust product formulations containing Polyethylene Glycol to minimize any untoward effects when products are used on damaged skin. Although metabolites of ethylene glycol monoalkyl ethers are reproductive and developmental toxins, it was considered unlikely that the relevant metabolites would be found in or produced from the use of Oleths in cosmetic formulations. Of concern was the possible presence of 1,4-dioxane and ethylene oxide impurities. The importance of using the necessary purification procedures to remove these impurities was stressed. Based on particle size and cosmetic use considerations, it was not considered that these ingredients, in formulation, are respirable. Based in part on the limited data available on Oleths included in the report and on the previous reviews of Polyethylene Glycol and Oleyl Alcohol, it was concluded that Oleth-2, -3, -4, -5, -6, -7, -8, -9, -10, -11, -12, -15, -16, -20, -23, -25, -30, -40, -44, and -50 are safe in the present practices of use.

Production of bis(?-ethoxy)terephthalate from terephthalic acid and ethylene oxide

1977 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. I. Samsonova ◽  
G. D. Mikhailov ◽  
V. A. Malykh ◽  
A. S. Chegolya
Keyword(s):  
Ethylene Oxide ◽  
Terephthalic Acid

scholarly journals Amended Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Nonoxynol-1, -2, -3, -4, -5, -6, -7, and -81

1999 ◽  
Vol 18 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 11-31
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Ethylene Oxide ◽  
Safety Assessment ◽  
Skin Penetration ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Vaginal Mucosa ◽  
Final Report ◽  
Cosmetic Products ◽  
Ocular Irritation

Nonoxynol-1, -2, -3, -4, -5, -6, -7, and -8 (low molecular weight Nonoxynols) are ethoxylated alkylphenols used in cosmetic formulations as surfactants-emulsifying agents, principally in hair dyes and colors. The safety of Nonoxynols were assessed previously (Elder, R. L., ed. 1983. Final report on the safety assessment of Nonoxynol-2, -4, -8, -9, -10, -12, -14, -15, -30, -40, and -50. J. Am. Coll. Toxicol. 2:35–60). This report amends the conclusion on Nonoxynol-2, -4, and -8 reached in that report. There was no significant skin penetration using cadaver skin in which Nonoxynols-2, -4, and -9 were applied in conditions simulating leave-on or rinse-off applications. Under both conditions, the total skin penetration of Nonoxynol-2, -4, and -9 was less than 1% over a 48-hour period. Results of acute oral toxicity studies indicated that these low molecular weight Nonoxynols were at most slightly toxic. Nonoxynol-5 and -6 produce severe ocular irritation in test animals. They also produce skin irritation in test animals, but are not sensitizers. Due to the severity of ocular irritation reactions in animals, avoiding the use of products containing low molecular weight Nonoxynols in the area surrounding the eyes was discussed. The no-adverse-effect level in reproductive and developmental toxicity tests in which Nonoxynol-9 was delivered orally or intravaginally was higher than any possible exposure from cosmetic products. There was no evidence for genotoxicity or carcinogenicity. Ethylene oxide residues, although present in small amounts in several preparations, were not considered sufficient to present a carcinogenesis risk. The report discusses the need to ensure that the use of cosmetic products containing Nonoxynols should not result in ethylene oxide exposures above 0.1 mg/day. Unreacted nonylphenol may be present in low molecular weight Nonoxynols, but levels appear to be <500 ppm. The report discusses the need for cosmetic product formulators to exercise care so that any Nonylphenol in finished products is not found in toxic amounts. Clinical studies using Nonoxynol-9 showed irritation of the vaginal mucosa, along with increased epithelial disruption. A 2% solution of Nonoxynol-8.3 and -9 was sensitizing in dermatitis patients. A repeat insult patch test in normal volunteers using Nonoxynol-2 at a concentration of 5 % showed no evidence of allergic contact dermatitis, but there were reactions at 10%. Based on the available animal and clinical data, Nonoxynols-1 through -8 are safe as used in rinse-off products and safe for use in leave-on products at concentrations no greater than 5%.

Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Ceteth-1, -2, -3, -4, -5, -6, -10, -12, -14, -15, -16, -20, -24, -25, -30, and -45

1999 ◽  
Vol 18 (2_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Alan Andersen
Keyword(s):  
Polyethylene Glycol ◽  
Ethylene Oxide ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Developmental Toxicity ◽  
Cetyl Alcohol ◽  
Skin Dose ◽  
Final Report ◽  
Intact Skin ◽  
Cosmetic Formulations ◽  
Chain Lengths

The Ceteth family of ingredients are the polyethylene glycol (PEG) ethers of cetyl alcohol. They are manufactured by the ethoxylation of cetyl alcohol with the number of moles of ethylene oxide corresponding to the average polyethylene glycol chain length desired. Not all of the polymer chain lengths covered in this assessment are currently reported to be used, but all are listed as cosmetic ingredients and may have been used in the past and could be used in the future. Ceteths are surfactants used as emulsifying, cleansing, and solubilizing agents in cosmetic formulations. Limited safety test data are available on ingredients in the Ceteth family, all consistent with surfactant properties. In separate studies, 2.5% Ceteth-2 was irritating to abraded skin, but 3.0 % was not irritating to intact skin. Dose-dependent irritation was noted for Ceteth-2 and Ceteth-10 at concentrations ranging from 5% to 100%. Ceteth-20 was found to enhance transposition of a marker from phage λ to bacterial DNA. Toxicity data, including reproductive and developmental toxicity, carcinogenesis data, and clinical testing data, available from previous safety assessments on Polyethylene Glycol and Cetyl Alcohol, were summarized. Although PEGs were mild irritants/sensitizers, there was evidence of nephrotoxicity in burn patients exposed to PEGs, and no such effects were seen in animal studies on intact skin. This led to a recommendation that PEGs not be used on damaged skin. Irritant effects of Ceteths on abraded skin not seen with intact skin likewise suggested that cosmetic manufacturers should not use Ceteths in products that may be used on damaged skin. Although metabolites of ethylene glycol monalkyl ethers are reproductive and developmental toxins, it was considered unlikely that the relevant metabolites would be found in or produced from the use of Ceteths in cosmetic formulations. Of concern was the possible presence of 1,4-dioxane and ethylene oxide impurities. The importance of using the necessary purification procedures to remove these impurities was stressed. Inhalation of Cetyl Alcohol at 26 ppm for 6 hours caused mucosal irritation, but shorter exposures at a concentration of 9.6 mg/L caused no irritation. Based on this data and with particle size and cosmetic use concentrations, Ceteths were considered to be safe for aerosolized use. Based in part on the limited data available on Ceteths included in the report and on the previous reviews of the two components found in Ceteths, it was concluded that Ceteth-1, -2, -3, -4, -5, -6, -10, -12, -14, -15, -16, -20, -24, -25, -30, and -45 are safe in the present practices of use.

scholarly journals Final Report on the Safety Assessment of PEG-2, -3, -4, -6, -8, -9, -12, -20, -32, -50, -75, -120, -150, and -175 Distearate’

1999 ◽  
Vol 18 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 51-59
Keyword(s):  
Polyethylene Glycol ◽  
Ethylene Oxide ◽  
Stearic Acid ◽  
Developmental Toxicity ◽  
Final Report ◽  
Ocular Irritation ◽  
Cosmetic Formulations ◽  
Mild Irritant ◽  
Chain Lengths ◽  
Related Compounds

PEG Distearate compounds are the polyethylene glycol (PEG) diesters of Stearic Acid. They are manufactured by the esterification of Stearic Acid with a the number of moles of ethylene oxide corresponding to the average polyethylene glycol chain length desired. PEGs Distearate are used as emulsifying, cleansing, and solubilizing agents in a wide variety of cosmetic formulations. Not all of the polymer chain lengths covered in this assessment are currently reported to be used, but all are listed as cosmetic ingredients and may have been used in the past and could be used in the future. Very little toxicity data are available for the PEGs Distearate. Related compounds including PEGs, PEGs Stearate, Steareths, and Stearic Acid, have previously been reviewed. In general, PEGs have a low level of toxicity whether the exposure is oral or dermal. Minimal ocular irritation is seen with PEGs, PEGs Stearate, Steareths, and Stearic Acid. No evidence of mutagenicity, carcinogenicity, or reproductive and developmental toxicity of these related compounds was found. Based on clinical data in bum patients, PEGs were mild irritant/sensitizers and there was evidence of nephrotoxicity. Cosmetic manufacturers should continue to adjust product formulations to minimize any untoward effects when products are used on damaged skin. PEGs Stearate, Steareths, and Stearic Acid were not irritants, sensitizers, or phototoxins. Because of the possibility of residual ethylene oxide and/or 1,4-dioxane impurities in PEGs Distearate, cosmetic formulators are urged to continue efforts to remove these impurities before blending PEGs Distearate into cosmetic formulations. Although metabolites of ethylene glycol monoalkyl ethers are reproductive and developmental toxins, it was considered unlikely that the relevant metabolites would be found in or produced from the use of PEGs Distearate in cosmetic formulations. Based on the available data on related compounds, and current industry practices in the use and manufacture of PEGs Distearate, it was concluded that PEG-2, -3, -4, -6, -8, -9, -12, -20, -32, -50, -75, -120, -150, and -175 Distearate are safe for use in cosmetic formulations under the present practices of use.

A kinetic study of the reaction between terephthalic acid and ethylene oxide in a nonsolvent system

1983 ◽  
Vol 38 (7) ◽  
pp. 1021-1029 ◽  
Author(s):  
Won-Kyoo Lee ◽  
B.Y. Jin ◽  
J.S. Lee ◽  
J.I. Kim ◽  
S.H. Yi
Keyword(s):  
Ethylene Oxide ◽  
Kinetic Study ◽  
Terephthalic Acid
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