scholarly journals Studies of Magnetically Focused Electrostatic Mirror I. Experimental Test of the First Order Properties

1998 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albert V. Crewe ◽  
Shengyang Ruan ◽  
Pamela Korda ◽  
Frank C. Tsai
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Test ◽  
First Order ◽  
Electrostatic Mirror

Application des miroirs électrostatiques à l'élimination de l'effet chromatique dans les spectromètres magnétiques. Deuxième partie: les aberrations

1970 ◽  
Vol 48 (21) ◽  
pp. 2487-2498 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcel Baril
Keyword(s):  
Intensity Distribution ◽  
Order Theory ◽  
Peak Ratio ◽  
First Order ◽  
First Order Theory ◽  
Electrostatic Mirror

In the first part of this series, the first-order theory for the correction of the chromatic effect in magnetic spectrometers by an electrostatic mirror was given. In this second part, aberrations are studied. It is shown that in many cases at least two main aberration terms could be eliminated. Resolving powers have been discussed and calculated, including intensity distribution and valley-over-peak ratio effects.

Application des miroirs électrostatiques à l'élimination de l'effet chromatique dans les spectromètres magnétiques. Première partie: théorie linéaire

1969 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 331-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcel Baril
Keyword(s):  
Matrix Algebra ◽  
Order Term ◽  
Order Theory ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Energy Dispersive ◽  
Powerful Method ◽  
First Order ◽  
First Order Theory ◽  
Electrostatic Mirror ◽  
Premiere Partie

Combining an energy-dispersive element with a magnetic prism results in an achromatic mass dispersive instrument, if parameters are chosen appropriately. A plane electrostatic mirror has been chosen as the energy-dispersive element. Trajectories are described in terms of lateral, angular, and energy variations about the principal trajectory. Achromatism and conjugate plane conditions have been calculated by the powerful method of matrix algebra. The first order theory is given in this article (part one), the second order term will be studied in part two which will be published later.

scholarly journals Experimental test of a fluctuation-induced first-order phase transition: The nematic–smectic-Atransition

1990 ◽  
Vol 41 (12) ◽  
pp. 6749-6762 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Anisimov ◽  
P. E. Cladis ◽  
E. E. Gorodetskii ◽  
David A. Huse ◽  
V. E. Podneks ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phase Transition ◽  
Experimental Test ◽  
Order Phase Transition ◽  
First Order ◽  
First Order Phase Transition ◽  
First Order Phase

Dual systems for all: Higher-order, role-based relational reasoning as a uniquely derived feature of human cognition

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel J. Povinelli ◽  
Gabrielle C. Glorioso ◽  
Shannon L. Kuznar ◽  
Mateja Pavlic
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Reasoning ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Important Case ◽  
Human Cognition ◽  
Relational Reasoning ◽  
Dual Systems ◽  
First Order ◽  
Reasoning System ◽  
Role Based

Abstract Hoerl and McCormack demonstrate that although animals possess a sophisticated temporal updating system, there is no evidence that they also possess a temporal reasoning system. This important case study is directly related to the broader claim that although animals are manifestly capable of first-order (perceptually-based) relational reasoning, they lack the capacity for higher-order, role-based relational reasoning. We argue this distinction applies to all domains of cognition.

Stochasting modeling of planetary ring systems

1984 ◽  
Vol 75 ◽  
pp. 461-469 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert W. Hart
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Entropy ◽  
Ring System ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Ultimate State ◽  
Interparticle Interactions ◽  
Ring Systems ◽  
First Order ◽  
Planetary Ring ◽  
Insight Into

ABSTRACTThis paper models maximum entropy configurations of idealized gravitational ring systems. Such configurations are of interest because systems generally evolve toward an ultimate state of maximum randomness. For simplicity, attention is confined to ultimate states for which interparticle interactions are no longer of first order importance. The planets, in their orbits about the sun, are one example of such a ring system. The extent to which the present approximation yields insight into ring systems such as Saturn's is explored briefly.

Data Acquisition and Handling Unit for a Quantitative Use of Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy

1977 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 232-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Trebbia ◽  
P. Ballongue ◽  
C. Colliex
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Energy Loss ◽  
Electron Energy ◽  
Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy ◽  
Single Channel ◽  
Detection System ◽  
Surface Barrier ◽  
Solid State Detector ◽  
Electrostatic Mirror ◽  
Electron Energy Loss

An effective use of electron energy loss spectroscopy for chemical characterization of selected areas in the electron microscope can only be achieved with the development of quantitative measurements capabilities.The experimental assembly, which is sketched in Fig.l, has therefore been carried out. It comprises four main elements.The analytical transmission electron microscope is a conventional microscope fitted with a Castaing and Henry dispersive unit (magnetic prism and electrostatic mirror). Recent modifications include the improvement of the vacuum in the specimen chamber (below 10-6 torr) and the adaptation of a new electrostatic mirror.The detection system, similar to the one described by Hermann et al (1), is located in a separate chamber below the fluorescent screen which visualizes the energy loss spectrum. Variable apertures select the electrons, which have lost an energy AE within an energy window smaller than 1 eV, in front of a surface barrier solid state detector RTC BPY 52 100 S.Q. The saw tooth signal delivered by a charge sensitive preamplifier (decay time of 5.10-5 S) is amplified, shaped into a gaussian profile through an active filter and counted by a single channel analyser.

Morphological studies of linear (AB)n multiblock copolymers and their blends

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 384-385
Author(s):  
Richard J. Spontak ◽  
Steven D. Smith ◽  
Arman Ashraf
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Microphase Separation ◽  
Multiblock Copolymers ◽  
First Order ◽  
Morphological Studies ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
First Order Phase Transition ◽  
Covalently Bonded ◽  
Total Molecular Weight ◽  
First Order Phase

Block copolymers are composed of sequences of dissimilar chemical moieties covalently bonded together. If the block lengths of each component are sufficiently long and the blocks are thermodynamically incompatible, these materials are capable of undergoing microphase separation, a weak first-order phase transition which results in the formation of an ordered microstructural network. Most efforts designed to elucidate the phase and configurational behavior in these copolymers have focused on the simple AB and ABA designs. Few studies have thus far targeted the perfectly-alternating multiblock (AB)n architecture. In this work, two series of neat (AB)n copolymers have been synthesized from styrene and isoprene monomers at a composition of 50 wt% polystyrene (PS). In Set I, the total molecular weight is held constant while the number of AB block pairs (n) is increased from one to four (which results in shorter blocks). Set II consists of materials in which the block lengths are held constant and n is varied again from one to four (which results in longer chains). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) has been employed here to investigate the morphologies and phase behavior of these materials and their blends.

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