scholarly journals WRAITH - A Computer Code for Calculating Internal and External Doses Resulting From An Atmospheric Release of Radioactive Material

1980 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. I. Scherpelz ◽  
F. J. Borst ◽  
G. R. Hoenes
Keyword(s):  
Computer Code ◽  
Radioactive Material ◽  
Atmospheric Release

scholarly journals Simulated nuclear contamination scenario, solid cancer risk assessment, and support to decision

Nukleonika ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 41-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergio X. Lima ◽  
Karolina P. S. Costa ◽  
Zelmo R. Lima ◽  
Fagner C. Rother ◽  
Olga M. O. Araujo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Effects ◽  
Radioactive Material ◽  
Cancer Risk Assessment ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Solid Cancer ◽  
Health Physics ◽  
Output Data ◽  
Mathematical Relationships ◽  
Atmospheric Release

Abstract The detonation of an (hypothetical) improvised nuclear device (IND) can generate atmospheric release of radioactive material in the form of particles and dust that ultimately contaminate the soil. In this study, the detonation of an IND in an urban area was simulated, and its effects on humans were determined. The risk of solid cancer development due to radiation was calculated by taking into account prompt radiation and whole-body exposure of individuals near the detonation site up to 10 km. The excess relative risk (ERR) of developing solid cancer was evaluated by using the mathematical relationships from the Radiation Effects Research Foundation (RERF) studies and those from the HotSpot code. The methodology consists of using output data obtained from simulations performed with the HotSpot health physics code plugging in such numbers into a specific given equation used by RERF to evaluate the resulting impact. Such a preliminary procedure is expected to facilitate the decision-making process significantly.

scholarly journals Radiological Assessment of Atmospheric Release from Tehran Research Reactor during Normal Operation by Using Pc-Cream Code

2016 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 17-26
Author(s):  
Nahid Sadeghi ◽  
Rohollah Ahangari
Keyword(s):  
Research Reactor ◽  
Computer Code ◽  
Laboratory Analysis ◽  
Air Transport ◽  
Normal Operation ◽  
Radiological Assessment ◽  
Tehran Research Reactor ◽  
Tehran Province ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Atmospheric Release

In this work, radiological assessment of atmospheric release from Tehran’s Research Reactor (TRR) stack and assessment of public exposures under normal operation has been studied. To perform tasks mentioned above, Pc-Cream computer code which simulates Gaussian Dispersion air transport plume model as well as laboratory analysis of the soil and leaves samples and TLD (Thermo Luminescent Dosimeter) monitoring around the TRR site was used. Results of the Pc-Cream code showed that the annual committed and external dose received by the individual in the vicinity of the reactor is below the regulatory limit. Also, the results of laboratory analysis of available radionuclides in the soil and leaves samples showed that the concentrations are close to the background (K40=635, Th232=28, Cs137=0.29 up to 28.82, Ra226=25 (Bq[1]/Kg) in soil and K40=457, Be7≈70 (Bq/Kg) in leaves) and confirm the code results. The monitored dose values of the TLD detectors were positioned around the reactor within 500 m radius shows that the background dose in vicinity of TRR (113 μSv up to 150 μSv) is consistent with the background dose in Tehran province (125 μSv).

11 Weapons

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Casey-Maslen Stuart
Keyword(s):  
Computer Code ◽  
Radioactive Material ◽  
Humanitarian Law ◽  
Cyber Attack ◽  
Conventional Weapons ◽  
Use Of The Internet ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Improvised Explosive ◽  
Explosive Devices ◽  
The Military

This chapter focuses on weapons, which are integral to the use of force. However, there is no accepted definition of what constitutes a weapon under international law. It seems clear, though, that the notion is broader than ‘arms’, which are factory-produced weapons, especially when destined for the military market. The notion of a weapon would thus encompass a dual-use item, such as a knife, and adapted devices such as improvised explosive devices (IEDs) or a ‘dirty bomb’, where radioactive material is associated with conventional explosives. The term could also be applied to the use of the internet in a cyber-attack wherein computer code is ‘weaponized’, for instance, in viruses or worms. International humanitarian law (IHL) has traditionally focused on prohibiting or restricting the use of weapons—whether under its Geneva law or Hague law branches—while disarmament law addressed their manufacture and supply. In the future, IHL will need to apply additional restrictions to specific means or methods of warfare. As of now, there are a number of challenging regulatory issues in the area of weapons law, including fully autonomous weapons, cyber weapons, and nuclear weapons, as well as the use of conventional weapons in space.

Impact Simulation of Radioactive Material Package During Forklift Truck Collision

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tsu-te Wu
Keyword(s):  
Structural Integrity ◽  
Computing Time ◽  
Constitutive Models ◽  
Material Model ◽  
Computer Code ◽  
Complex Problem ◽  
Radioactive Material ◽  
Contact Method ◽  
Material Degradation ◽  
Forklift Truck

This paper discusses the evaluation of the structural integrity of the SAFKEG radioactive material package to ensure hazardous material confinement during the postulated accident event of forklift truck collision. When a SAFKEG Package carried by a forklift truck traveling at 7 miles per hour collides with another forklift truck moving at the same speed but in the opposite direction, the structural response of the package components represents a complex problem. Because of its complex geometric configuration and complicated contact conditions between the neighboring component interfaces, the problem can not be solved using the implicit numerical scheme that would involve solving a large number of simultaneous equations through numerical iteration. In addition, material degradation and failure caused by collision can create severe convergence difficulties in the implicit analysis. Consequently, the explicit solution method is used in the present analysis, and thus the problem has to be treated as a dynamic one even though the inertia effect is insignificant due to the low speed of the forklift trucks. Applying the explicit dynamic technique to quasi-static problems involving very large deformation and material degradation require special considerations in overcoming solution convergence and extremely long computing time. The techniques used to overcome these difficulties are discussed in this paper. This paper also discusses the development of the constitutive models of the thermal insulating and shock absorbing materials used in the SAFKEG. The resin-bounded cork material is represented by the “crushable foam” plasticity with volumetric hardening. On the other hand, the material model of the brittle foam is developed by using the combination of the Mohr-Coulomb and Drucker-Prager plasticity theories. The analysis utilizes the finite-element method and the ABAQUS/Explicit Computer Code, version 6.3. A combination of the “General Contact” method and the “Contact Pair” method is employed to simulate the complicated interface variations among the neighboring components of the model.

Benchmark of a Fast-Running Computational Tool for Analysis of Massive Radioactive Material Packages in Fire Environments

2005 ◽  
Vol 127 (4) ◽  
pp. 508-514 ◽  
Author(s):  
Narendra Are ◽  
Miles Greiner ◽  
Ahti Suo-Anttila
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Element Model ◽  
Computer Code ◽  
Radioactive Material ◽  
Material Transport ◽  
Fire Model ◽  
Fast Running ◽  
Fire Environment ◽  
Large Fires

Federal regulations (10CFR71) require radioactive material transport packages to safely withstand a 30min fully engulfing fire. The three-dimensional Container Analysis Fire Environment (CAFE-3D) computer code was developed at Sandia National Laboratories to simulate the response of massive packages to large fires for design and risk studies. These studies require rapid and accurate estimates of the package temperature distribution for a variety of package designs and fire environments. To meet these needs CAFE-3D links a finite element model that calculates the package response to the Isis-3D CFD fire model. ISIS-3D combines computational fluid dynamics with reaction chemistry and thermal radiation models to rapidly estimate the heat transfer from a fire. In the current work, parameters used in the fire model were determined. Simulations were then performed of a test that modeled the conditions of a truck-sized nuclear waste package in a regulatory fire under light wind conditions. CAFE-3D underestimated the ability of the wind to tilt the fire and deliver oxygen to the region above the fuel pool. However, it accurately and rapidly estimated the total heat transfer to the test object. CAFE-3D will become a more useful tool for estimating the response of transport packages to large fires once it has been benchmarked against a larger range of fire conditions.

Studies on Metabolism of Urokinase and Mechanism of Thrombolysis by Urokinase

1979 ◽  
Vol 42 (03) ◽  
pp. 885-894 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatsuo Ueno ◽  
Norio Kobayashi ◽  
Tadashi Maekawa
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Plasma Clearance ◽  
Radioactive Material ◽  
Optimal Dosage ◽  
Plasma Clot ◽  
Optimal Dosage Regimen ◽  
Arterial Thrombus ◽  
Contact Experiment

SummaryPharmacokinetics of intravenously injected 125I-labeled urokinase (125I-UK) of a molecular weight of 33,000 daltons in normal rabbits and patients with various diseases were investigated. The plasma clearance of 125I-UK in rabbits was described by a biexponential curve within six hours with a half-life of 8 minutes, 2.3 hours, respectively. The radioactivity in the liver and kidneys 15 minutes after iv injection with 125I-UK was 9.6% and 14.0% of the radioactivity injected, respectively. Approximately 80% of the total radioactive material injected was excreted in the urine in 18 hours. No increase in activator activity in the urine was observed after a large amount of UK injection. Activity uptake of 125I-UK by experimentally induced arterial thrombus was little. Lysis of the stasis thrombus was produced by injecting 7.5 × 104 IU of UK in only one out of 8 rabbits. In vitro contact experiment revealed that transfer of 125I-UK to plasma clot is slow (24 hours for 10% of 125I-UK by plasma clot). In 4 patients plasma clearance of 125I-UK was essentially similar to that in rabbits. From the results obtained optimal dosage regimen of UK administration for complete thrombolysis in vivo was discussed.

The Computational Sublime in Nick Montfort's ‘Round’ and ‘All the Names of God’

CounterText ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 348-365 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mario Aquilina
Keyword(s):  
Computer Code ◽  
Computer Programs ◽  
Literary Text ◽  
Text Generation ◽  
Mathematical Concepts ◽  
Literary Space

What if the post-literary also meant that which operates in a literary space (almost) devoid of language as we know it: for instance, a space in which language simply frames the literary or poetic rather than ‘containing’ it? What if the countertextual also meant the (en)countering of literary text with non-textual elements, such as mathematical concepts, or with texts that we would not normally think of as literary, such as computer code? This article addresses these issues in relation to Nick Montfort's #!, a 2014 print collection of poems that presents readers with the output of computer programs as well as the programs themselves, which are designed to operate on principles of text generation regulated by specific constraints. More specifically, it focuses on two works in the collection, ‘Round’ and ‘All the Names of God’, which are read in relation to the notions of the ‘computational sublime’ and the ‘event’.

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