scholarly journals Automatic alum feed device to produce water of any given clarity

1960 ◽  
Author(s):  
W.R. Conley ◽  
R.W. Pitman
Keyword(s):  
Produce Water ◽  
Feed Device

Constant-Rate Feed Device. A Reply to Comment

1950 ◽  
Vol 22 (7) ◽  
pp. 956-956 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lester Lundsted
Keyword(s):  
Constant Rate ◽  
Feed Device

scholarly journals Developing a Specific MRI Technology to Identify Complications Caused by Breast Implants

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 3434
Author(s):  
Ming-Fang Lin ◽  
Lu-Han Lai ◽  
Wen-Tien Hsiao ◽  
Melissa Min-Szu Yao ◽  
Wing-P Chan
Keyword(s):  
Water Saturation ◽  
Spin Echo ◽  
Pulse Sequences ◽  
Breast Implants ◽  
Fast Spin Echo ◽  
Silicone Implants ◽  
Water Suppression ◽  
Dynamic Contrast Enhancement ◽  
Produce Water ◽  
Fat Saturation

With advancements in aesthetic medicine, breast augmentation has become a popular plastic surgery worldwide, typically performed using either fine-needle injection or silicone implants. Both carry complication risks from rupture over time. In this study, we aimed to reduce misjudgments and increase diagnostic value by developing an MRI technique that can produce water- and silicone-specific images from MRI scans of phantoms (Natrelle® saline-filled breast implants) and human bodies. Pig oil, soybean oil, and normal saline were used to simulate human breast tissue, and two common types of breast implants, saline bags, and silicone bags, were selected as well, resulting in five materials scanned. Six pulse sequences were applied: T1W fast spin echo (FSE), T1W SPGR/60, T2W, T2W fat-saturation, STIR, and STIR water-saturation. Human body scans were additionally investigated using 3D SPGR fat-saturation dynamic contrast enhancement. Results show that the best way to enhance tissue contrast in images of silicone implants is to apply STIR combined with water suppression, and the best way to enhance saline bag implants is to apply T2W fat-saturation combined with fat suppression. Both offered very high sensitivity and specificity, rendering this method especially useful for distinguishing normal mammary glands from siliconoma.

scholarly journals Methods, Protocols, Guidance and Standards for Performance Evaluation for Point-of-Use Water Treatment Technologies: History, Current Status, Future Needs and Directions

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1094
Author(s):  
Emily S. Bailey ◽  
Nikki Beetsch ◽  
Douglas A. Wait ◽  
Hemali H. Oza ◽  
Nirmala Ronnie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Enteric Bacteria ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Household Water Treatment ◽  
Produce Water ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
Treatment Technologies ◽  
Injury And Repair ◽  
Testing Protocols

It is estimated that 780 million people do not have access to improved drinking water sources and approximately 2 billion people use fecally contaminated drinking water. Effective point-of-use water treatment systems (POU) can provide water with sufficiently reduced concentrations of pathogenic enteric microorganisms to not pose significant health risks to consumers. Household water treatment (HWT) systems utilize various technologies that physically remove and/or inactivate pathogens. A limited number of governmental and other institutional entities have developed testing protocols to evaluate the performance of POU water treatment systems. Such testing protocols are essential to documenting effective performance because inferior and ineffective POU treatment technologies are thought to be in widespread use. This critical review examines specific practices, procedures and specification of widely available POU system evaluation protocols. Testing protocols should provide standardized and detailed instructions yet be sufficiently flexible to deal with different treatment technologies, test microbe priorities and choices, testing facility capabilities and public health needs. Appropriate infectivity or culture assays should be used to quantify test enteric bacteria, viruses and protozoan parasites, or other appropriate surrogates or substitutes for them, although processes based on physical removal can be tested by methods that detect microbes as particles. Recommendations include further research of stock microbe production and handling methods to consistently yield test microbes in a realistic state of aggregation and, in the case of bacteria, appropriately physiologically stressed. Bacterial quantification methods should address the phenomenon of bacterial injury and repair in order to maximally recover those that are culturable and potentially infectious. It is only with harmonized national and international testing protocols and performance targets that independent and unbiased testing can be done to assure consumers that POU treatment technologies are able to produce water of high microbial quality and low health risk.

Treating and Permitting of Produced Water for Discharge to Surface Water

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.E.. E. Dan Mueller
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Produced Water ◽  
Produce Water ◽  
Flowback Water ◽  
Treatment Facilities ◽  
Minimal Treatment ◽  
Centralized Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Direct Discharge

Abstract The recycling and reuse of produced water (defined as hydraulic fracturing flowback water and formation water) is an increasing practice driven by competing demands for water sources and limited options for produced water disposal. The final disposition of reused/recycled produced water dictates the level of treatment with typically minimal treatment required when produce water is reused for fracturing subsequent wells and higher levels of treatment required when produced water is recycled for other purposes or potentially discharged to surface water bodies. The latter scenario, discharge of treated produced water is specifically addressed. Clean Water Act National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permits for direct discharge of oil and gas generated discharge are currently prohibited east of the 98th meridian. West of the 98th meridian, direct discharge of treated oil and gas wastewater is allowed under specific conditions. Regardless of location (east or west of the 98th meridian), centralized wastewater treatment facilities (CWTs) can be permitted to treat and discharge oil and gas wastewater or CWT discharge may be accepted for further treatment and ultimate discharge at publically owned wastewater treatment facilities (POTWs). The EPA is currently developing effluent limitation guidelines (ELGs) for pretreatment of oil and gas wastewater sent to POTWs for treatment and discharge and recently submitted for comment Final 2012 and Preliminary 2014 Effluent Guidelines Program Plans; both addressed in this paper. Discussed are the various treatment technologies currently deployed and permitting issues associated with the treatment facilities. When treating produced water for discharge, constituent levels in the effluent stream and the waste side streams (consisting of a concentration of constituents removed as part of the water treatment processes) must be monitored to ensure proper management.

Use of Ozone in Wastewater Treatment to Produce Water Suitable for Irrigation

2011 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 2109-2124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonia B. Martínez ◽  
Jerónimo Pérez-Parra ◽  
Ricardo Suay
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Produce Water

scholarly journals A Simple Iron-Catalyst for Alkenylation of Ketones Using Primary Alcohols

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (7) ◽  
pp. 1590
Author(s):  
Motahar Sk ◽  
Ashish Kumar ◽  
Jagadish Das ◽  
Debasis Banerjee
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Determination ◽  
Iron Catalyst ◽  
Mechanistic Studies ◽  
Primary Alcohols ◽  
Deuterium Labeling ◽  
Produce Water ◽  
Dehydrogenative Coupling

Herein, we developed a simple iron-catalyzed system for the α-alkenylation of ketones using primary alcohols. Such acceptor-less dehydrogenative coupling (ADC) of alcohols resulted in the synthesis of a series of important α,β-unsaturated functionalized ketones, having aryl, heteroaryl, alkyl, nitro, nitrile and trifluoro-methyl, as well as halogen moieties, with excellent yields and selectivity. Initial mechanistic studies, including deuterium labeling experiments, determination of rate and order of the reaction, and quantitative determination of H2 gas, were performed. The overall transformations produce water and dihydrogen as byproducts.

Biological treatment of wastewater from fruit juice production using a membrane bioreactor: parameters limiting membrane performance

2003 ◽  
Vol 3 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 253-259
Author(s):  
C. Blöcher ◽  
T. Britz ◽  
H.D. Janke ◽  
H. Chmiel
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Bioreactor ◽  
Extracellular Polymeric Substances ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Fruit Juice ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Production Plant ◽  
Permeate Flux ◽  
Produce Water ◽  
Membrane Performance ◽  
Test Operation

The application of a membrane bioreactor (MBR) was investigated to treat polluted process water from fruit juice processing. The aim was either direct discharge or further treatment by nanofiltration/low pressure reverse osmosis to produce water of drinking quality. The results of a one-year test operation of the process in industrial scale at a fruit juice production plant are presented. Focus was centred on the influence of activated sludge characteristics on membrane performance. Under the operating conditions in place, neither solids content, particle size distribution nor addition of nutrient significantly affected the permeate flux which was considerably lower than expected (based on municipal wastewater treatment with MBRs). Instead, evidence was obtained that the insufficient permeate flux was most likely due to the high content of extracellular polymeric substances. However, it was impossible to relate in detail the substantial flux variations during the test run to AS characteristics or changes in microbial population.

scholarly journals Rizobactérias no controle de Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, e efeitos no desenvolvimento vegetativo de plântulas de soja

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 110-120
Author(s):  
Renata Silva Canuto de Pinho ◽  
Bruna Canabarro Pozzebon ◽  
Ketlen Raisa Rey Rodrigues ◽  
Renata Bolacel Arns ◽  
Cezario Almeida Alves ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Compounds ◽  
Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Vegetative Development ◽  
Produce Water ◽  
Soybean Seedlings ◽  
Root Size

Sclerotinia sclerotiorumis one of the main pathogens of soybean crop, reducing crop yield potential and causing losses of up to 37%. Because it is a soil inhabitant, its management is difficult. However, the adoption of alternative methods, such as the use of antagonists, may help reduce the pathogen inoculum. Thus, the objective of this work was to select native soybean rhizobacteria and to verify the potential of in vitroantagonism against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, as well as the effect of these isolates on the germination and vegetative developmentof soybean seedlings. For this, tests of inhibition and mycelial growth rate index, production of volatile compounds, production of rhizobacterial metabolites and vegetative development of soybean seedlings were conducted.With respect to antagonism, I1, U4, M6, M8 and U13 isolates were the most effective. For the production of volatile compounds by the overlapping plate method, isolates M8, M10, M9, I1, M6 and U4 had the largest reductions in pathogen mycelial growth. For the ability of isolates to produce water-soluble metabolites in culture medium, it was found that isolates I1, M3, M6 and U13 were the most effective. For the vegetative development of soybean seedlings, except for the root length, in which the isolates M8, I14, M9, I1, M6 and M10 provided the largest increases in root size, the other variables did not show significant increases when compared with the witness.In general, isolates M8, M10, M9, I1, M6 and U4 are effective in inhibiting mycelial growth of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, produce volatile organic compounds that help control the pathogen, however, they do not show significant increases in the vegetative development of soybean seedlings.

scholarly journals Antagonism of Bacillus thuringiensis to phytopathogenic micromicetes as pathogens of apple trees

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
О. Sherstoboeva ◽  
А. Krzyhanivsky ◽  
А. Bunas
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
Nutrient Medium ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Ecological Niches ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Produce Water ◽  
Antagonistic Microorganisms

Antagonistic microorganisms, producing bactericidal and fungicidal substances, spread in space and occupy various ecological niches. Antagonistic action of microorganisms can be combined with a number of other properties that can be used by humans for their own purposes. Microorganisms — agents of biological products often have a multifunctional effect on the components of the agroecosystem, which under the influence of various environmental factors could have positive and negative consequences. The aim of the study was to study the effect of new highly active entomopathogenic strains of Bacillus thuringiensis on non-target objects — components of the biocenosis of the apple orchard. When developing technologies for biocontrol of the number of apple trees pests using B. thuringiensis revealed an additional positive protective effect — reducing the number of pathogens of fungal diseases on the leaf surface. Treatment of apple leaves with a liquid culture of strain B. thuringiensis 0376 after 72 hours of application reduced the number of scab of Fusicladium dendriticum by 7 times, and the pathogen of monolisis of Monilia fructigena — 9 times. Strain B. thuringiensis 0371 showed the highest level of antagonism, because in vitro completely inhibited the growth and development of micromycetes on the surface of the nutrient medium. On the leaf surface, the application of culture strain 0371 reduced the number of Fusicladium dendriticum by 92%, and Monilia fructigena — by 86% after 72 hours of treatment. In a field experiment when treating apple trees with a culture of this strain, scab development decreased by 7.1%. Strain B. thuringiensis 787 did not show antagonism against phytopathogenicmicromycetes during co-cultivation on nutrient medium, which may be explained by its inability to produce water-soluble exotoxin, in contrast to strains of B. thuringiensis, which are antagonists of scab and apple monolisis. Strain B. thuringiensis 0371 requires further research and development of its formulations, because it is promising for the creation of a complex biological product with insect-fungicidal properties for use in ecological and agriculture friendly technologies.

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