scholarly journals Role of X-ray-induced transcripts in adaptive responses following X-rays: Progress report -- year 2

1993 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.A. Boothman
Author(s):  
L. T. Germinario

Understanding the role of metal cluster composition in determining catalytic selectivity and activity is of major interest in heterogeneous catalysis. The electron microscope is well established as a powerful tool for ultrastructural and compositional characterization of support and catalyst. Because the spatial resolution of x-ray microanalysis is defined by the smallest beam diameter into which the required number of electrons can be focused, the dedicated STEM with FEG is the instrument of choice. The main sources of errors in energy dispersive x-ray analysis (EDS) are: (1) beam-induced changes in specimen composition, (2) specimen drift, (3) instrumental factors which produce background radiation, and (4) basic statistical limitations which result in the detection of a finite number of x-ray photons. Digital beam techniques have been described for supported single-element metal clusters with spatial resolutions of about 10 nm. However, the detection of spurious characteristic x-rays away from catalyst particles produced images requiring several image processing steps.


Author(s):  
Marco Aurélio Clemente Gonçalves ◽  
Mariele Regina Pinheiro Gonçalves ◽  
Pablo Eduardo Ortiz

The discovery of x-rays, one of the most beautiful experiments ever carried out, generates numerous controversies and these, in turn, can trigger a series of counterproductive information regarding not only the History of Science but also the teaching  activity. The aim of this article is to resolve these controversies concerning what ocurred and highlight the important role of the German physicist Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, highlighting not only his genius but, especially in this case in particular, his condition of second-order observer. It is not uncommon to find information in various media refering to this discovery under the claim that it was the result of a fortuitous event, and this denotes a profound lack of knowledge about the facts or a disrespect for the renowned discoverer. Such allegations about the event depreciate the extraordinary discovery that impacts humanity, from the deed  to the present. Thus, through a brief historical reconstruction, it was tried to present here what had happened judiciously. With this respect, the brilliant scientist is given the status of a second-rate observer, from the philosophical point of view. This condition resonates with the diachronic aspect of the History of Science, according to the perspective presented here, and it is also supported by the time taken by the discoverer from the beginning of his research until the end of it. Keywords: X-Ray. Second-Order Observer. History of Science. ResumoO descobrimento dos raios-x, um dos mais belos experimentos já realizados, gera inúmeras controvérsias e essas, por sua vez, podem desencadear uma série de informações contraproducentes no tangente não só a História da Ciência como também à atividade de ensino. O presente artigo tem como objetivo dirimir tais polêmicas com respeito ao ocorrido e destacar o importante papel do físico alemão Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, destacando não só sua genialidade, mas sobretudo, neste caso em particular, a sua condição de observador de segunda ordem. Não é raro encontrar em diversos meios de comunicação informações com respeito a referida descoberta sob a alegação de que a mesma fora fruto de um caso fortuito e isso denota profundo desconhecimento sobre os fatos, ou então, desrespeito com o renomado descobridor. Tais alegações sobre o sucedido depreciam a descoberta extraordinária que impacta a humanidade, desde o feito até a atualidade. Assim, através de breve reconstrução histórica, buscou-se aqui apresentar o ocorrido criteriosamente. Com este respeito passa-se a atribuir ao brilhante cientista a condição de observador de segunda ordem, do ponto de vista filosófico. Tal condição encontra ressonância no aspecto diacrônico da História da Ciência, segundo a perspectiva aqui apresentada e está amparada, também, pelo tempo empreendido pelo descobridor desde o início de sua pesquisa até a finalização da mesma. Palavras-chave: Raios-x. Observador de Segunda Ordem. História da Ciência.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carine Briand ◽  
Srivani Inturi ◽  
Baptiste Cecconi

<p>The ionospheric electron density reacts to a change of ionization condition by a time delay Δt. Appleton (1953) demonstrated that this time delay is inversely proportional to the product of the electron density Ne and recombination rate coefficient α. Thus, the evaluation of the time difference between the peak time of VLF emission, which is supposed to represent the instant of maximum ionization, and the ionization source's peak time provides an easy way to estimate α Ne. First used to evaluate the increase of electron density at noon from H α peak emission, this technic was also employed to estimate the recombination rate during solar flares. The GOES Soft X-ray emissions (i.e. in the range 1.5-12keV) are then considered to determine the ionising source peak time.</p><p>Based on VLF measurements obtained from the SUPERSID antenna installed at the Meudon site of the Paris Observatory (France), we computed each flare's time delay from January 2017. We benefit from the events of September 2017, the strongest from the last 10 years. We thus demonstrate the prominent role of Hard X-Rays in ionizing the D-layer of the ionosphere.  </p>


Dose-Response ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 155932582095954 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul A. Oakley ◽  
Deed E. Harrison

All too often the family physician, orthopedic surgeon, dentist or chiropractor is met with radiophobic concerns about X-ray imaging in the clinical setting. These concerns, however, are unwarranted fears based on common but ill-informed and perpetuated ideology versus current understanding of the effects of low-dose radiation exposures. Themes of X-ray hesitancy come in 3 forms: 1. All radiation exposures are harmful (i.e. carcinogenic); 2. Radiation exposures are cumulative; 3. Children are more susceptible to radiation. Herein we address these concerns and find that low-dose radiation activates the body’s adaptive responses and leads to reduced cancers. Low-dose radiation is not cumulative as long as enough time (e.g. 24 hrs) passes prior to a repeated exposure, and any damage is repaired, removed, or eliminated. Children have more active immune systems; the literature shows children are no more affected than adults by radiation exposures. Medical X-rays present a small, insignificant addition to background radiation exposure that is not likely to cause harm. Doctors and patients alike should be better informed of the lack of risks from diagnostic radiation and the decision to image should rely on the best evidence, unique needs of the patient, and the expertise of the physician—not radiophobia.


2001 ◽  
Vol 7 (S2) ◽  
pp. 704-705
Author(s):  
I.M. Anderson

Energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectrum imaging, where a full spectrum is acquired at each pixel in a rastered image, combines the advantages of imaging and analysis for quantitative compositional mapping. This method has great advantages for the analysis of compositional variations, because the contrast inherent in EDX spectrum images arises from the distinctiveness of the characteristic X-ray spectra in various regions of the surveyed microstructure. EDX spectrum imaging provides for simultaneous spatial, spectral and temporal resolution of the X-rays emitted from the specimen. Many EDX manufacturers have incorporated a spectrum imaging capability within their acquisition and analysis software, and ongoing improvements in computing power will enhance the practicality of spectrum imaging methods, in particular the acquisition, manipulation and analysis of the large raw data files that are generated with this method. This paper surveys the potential role of spectrum imaging in tasks that support true quantitative X-ray microanalysis of bulk specimens: robust qualitative analysis, the construction of representative spectra that describe the specimen, and the extraction of elemental concentrations from the representative spectra.


2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (S337) ◽  
pp. 112-115
Author(s):  
Adriana M. Pires

AbstractSince the discovery of the first radio pulsar fifty years ago, the population of neutron stars in our Galaxy has grown to over 2,600. A handful of these sources, exclusively seen in X-rays, show properties that are not observed in normal pulsars. Despite their scarcity, they are key to understanding aspects of the neutron star phenomenology and evolution. The forthcoming all-sky survey of eROSITA will unveil the X-ray faint end of the neutron star population at unprecedented sensitivity; therefore, it has the unique potential to constrain evolutionary models and advance our understanding of the sources that are especially silent in the radio and γ-ray regimes. In this contribution I discuss the expected role of eROSITA, and the challenges it will face, at probing the galactic neutron star population.


1992 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 654-657 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. P. Wilkinson ◽  
A. K. Cheetham

The X-ray absorption spectra of GaCl2, GaAlCl4 and GaCl3 have been measured in the vicinity of the Ga K edge and values of f′′ and f′ estimated for GaI and GaIII from the latter two spectra by using the optical theorem and the Kramers–Kronig relation. The resulting f′ values are compared with those previously determined from anomalous-scattering measurements with synchrotron X-rays on the compound GaCl2 [Wilkinson, Cheetham & Cox (1991). Acta Cryst. B47, 155–161] and found to be in good agreement. The use of anomalous scattering methods for distinguishing oxidation states is discussed in the light of these results and others found in the literature.


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