Facilitatory and Inhibitory Processes in the Thalamic Ventrobasal Nucleus of the Rat.

Two forms of a novel paper-and-pencil encoding task were developed to measure proactive inhibition during learning when given to children and adolescents. The 2 forms of the encoding task were administered individually to 63 students referred for psychological services throughout a school district from a midwestern city. Results indicated that proactive inhibitory processes were present throughout learning and suggested that this encoding task could substitute, in special cases, for the classical verbal presentation of paired-associate materials that typically require individual administration.

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Making Memories Unavailable

Zeitschrift für Psychologie / Journal of Psychology ◽

10.1027/0044-3409.215.1.4 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 215 (1) ◽

pp. 4-11 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Karl-Heinz Bäuml

Keyword(s):

Memory Representation ◽

Prior Work ◽

Experimental Paradigm ◽

Memory Tests ◽

Inhibitory Processes ◽

The Past ◽

Wide Range ◽

Extended Range ◽

Subsequent Recall ◽

Retrieval Blocking

Abstract. Research from the past decades has shown that cuing and retrieval are not always beneficial for episodic memory and can also be detrimental. Prior work assumed that these detrimental effects are caused by retrieval blocking, in which cuing and retrieval strengthen material and the repeated involuntary sampling of the strengthened material hinders subsequent recall of nonstrengthened targets. Using a new experimental paradigm and an extended range of memory tests, recent research indicates that the detrimental effects of retrieval and cuing occur across a wide range of memory tests and are likely to be the result of inhibitory processes. These inhibitory processes impair the nonretrieved and noncue items' memory representation and make these items unavailable in memory. The recent results and the new theory are reviewed and discussed.

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Functional Considerations of the Operation of GABAergic Inhibitory Processes in the Visual Cortex

Cerebral Cortex ◽

10.1007/978-1-4615-6610-6_4 ◽

1984 ◽

pp. 91-117 ◽

Cited By ~ 86

Author(s):

Adam Murdin Sillito

Keyword(s):

Visual Cortex ◽

Inhibitory Processes

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When is a loss a loss? Excitatory and inhibitory processes in loss-related decision-making

Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences ◽

10.1016/j.cobeha.2015.09.003 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 5 ◽

pp. 122-127 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Ben Seymour ◽

Masaki Maruyama ◽

Benedetto De Martino

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Inhibitory Processes

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Maturation of the Mammalian Respiratory System

Physiological Reviews ◽

10.1152/physrev.1999.79.2.325 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 79 (2) ◽

pp. 325-360 ◽

Cited By ~ 146

Author(s):

Gérard Hilaire ◽

Bernard Duron

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Activity ◽

Respiratory Rhythm ◽

Ventrolateral Medulla ◽

Pacemaker Neurons ◽

Inhibitory Processes ◽

Respiratory Rhythmogenesis ◽

Respiratory Network ◽

Network Functions

In this review, the maturational changes occurring in the mammalian respiratory network from fetal to adult ages are analyzed. Most of the data presented were obtained on rodents using in vitro approaches. In gestational day 18 (E18) fetuses, this network functions but is not yet able to sustain a stable respiratory activity, and most of the neonatal modulatory processes are not yet efficient. Respiratory motoneurons undergo relatively little cell death, and even if not yet fully mature at E18, they are capable of firing sustained bursts of potentials. Endogenous serotonin exerts a potent facilitation on the network and appears to be necessary for the respiratory rhythm to be expressed. In E20 fetuses and neonates, the respiratory activity has become quite stable. Inhibitory processes are not yet necessary for respiratory rhythmogenesis, and the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) contains inspiratory bursting pacemaker neurons that seem to constitute the kernel of the network. The activity of the network depends on CO2 and pH levels, via cholinergic relays, as well as being modulated at both the RVLM and motoneuronal levels by endogenous serotonin, substance P, and catecholamine mechanisms. In adults, the inhibitory processes become more important, but the RVLM is still a crucial area. The neonatal modulatory processes are likely to continue during adulthood, but they are difficult to investigate in vivo. In conclusion, 1) serotonin, which greatly facilitates the activity of the respiratory network at all developmental ages, may at least partly define its maturation; 2) the RVLM bursting pacemaker neurons may be the kernel of the network from E20 to adulthood, but their existence and their role in vivo need to be further confirmed in both neonatal and adult mammals.

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Each distinct type of mental state is supported by specific brain functions

Behavioral and Brain Sciences ◽

10.1017/s0140525x00434023 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 23 (6) ◽

pp. 941-943 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Claude Gottesmann

Keyword(s):

Slow Wave ◽

Mental State ◽

Rem Sleep ◽

Psychological Functioning ◽

Slow Wave Sleep ◽

Mental Content ◽

Distinct Type ◽

Inhibitory Processes ◽

Brain Functions

Reflective waking mentation is supported by cortical activating and inhibitory processes. The thought-like mental content of slow wave sleep appears with lower levels of both kinds of influence. During REM sleep, the equation: activation + disinhibition + dopamine may explain the often psychotic-like mode of psychological functioning.[Hobson et al.; Nielsen; Revonsuo; Solms; Vertes & Eastman]

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