IMPEDANCE CHANGE OF THE SKIN DURING THE GALVANIC SKIN REFLEX

1962 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 200-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toshikatsu YOKOTA ◽  
Bunichi FUJIMORI
Keyword(s):  
Impedance Change

Fault Isolation of High Resistance Defects Using Comparative Magnetic Field Imaging

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Orozco ◽  
Elena Talanova ◽  
Anders Gilbertson ◽  
L.A. Knauss ◽  
Zhiyong Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
High Resistance ◽  
Integrated Circuit ◽  
Time Domain Reflectometry ◽  
Fault Isolation ◽  
Main Stream ◽  
Layer By Layer ◽  
Impedance Change ◽  
Resistance Change ◽  
Require Time

Abstract As integrated circuit packages become more complicated, the localization of defects becomes correspondingly more difficult. One particularly difficult class of defects to localize is high resistance (HR) defects. These defects include cracked traces, delaminated vias, C4 non-wet defects, PTH cracks, and any other package or interconnect structure that results in a signal line resistance change that exceeds the specification of the device. These defects can result in devices that do not run at full speed, are not reliable in the field, or simply do not work at all. The main approach for localizing these defects today is time domain reflectometry (TDR) [1]. TDR sends a short electrical pulse into the device and monitors the time to receive reflections. These reflections can correspond to shorts, opens, bends in a wire, normal interfaces between devices, or high resistance defects. Ultimately anything that produces an electrical impedance change will produce a TDR response. These signals are compared to a good part and require time consuming layer-by-layer deprocessing and comparison to a standard part. When complete, the localization is typically at best to within 200 microns. A new approach to isolating high resistance defects has been recently developed using current imaging. In recent years, current imaging through magnetic field detection has become a main-stream approach for short localization in the package [2] and is also heavily utilized for die level applications [3]. This core technology has been applied to the localization of high resistance defects. This paper will describe the approach, and give examples of test samples as well as results from actual yield failures.

scholarly journals Learning to Control Arm Stiffness Under Static Conditions

2004 ◽  
Vol 92 (6) ◽  
pp. 3344-3350 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Darainy ◽  
Nicole Malfait ◽  
Paul L. Gribble ◽  
Farzad Towhidkhah ◽  
David J. Ostry
Keyword(s):  
Impedance Control ◽  
Arm Movement ◽  
Realistic Model ◽  
Impedance Change ◽  
Robotic Device ◽  
Lateral Direction ◽  
Maximum Stiffness ◽  
Asymmetric Pattern ◽  
Static Conditions ◽  
Endpoint Stiffness

We used a robotic device to test the idea that impedance control involves a process of learning or adaptation that is acquired over time and permits the voluntary control of the pattern of stiffness at the hand. The tests were conducted in statics. Subjects were trained over the course of 3 successive days to resist the effects of one of three different kinds of mechanical loads: single axis loads acting in the lateral direction, single axis loads acting in the forward/backward direction, and isotropic loads that perturbed the limb in eight directions about a circle. We found that subjects in contact with single axis loads voluntarily modified their hand stiffness orientation such that changes to the direction of maximum stiffness mirrored the direction of applied load. In the case of isotropic loads, a uniform increase in endpoint stiffness was observed. Using a physiologically realistic model of two-joint arm movement, the experimentally determined pattern of impedance change could be replicated by assuming that coactivation of elbow and double joint muscles was independent of coactivation of muscles at the shoulder. Moreover, using this pattern of coactivation control we were able to replicate an asymmetric pattern of rotation of the stiffness ellipse that was observed empirically. These findings are consistent with the idea that arm stiffness is controlled through the use of at least two independent co-contraction commands.

Studies on separating the impedance change components of blood vessels and ventricles in thorax from mixed impedance signals on chest surface

2011 ◽  
Vol 38 (6Part1) ◽  
pp. 3270-3278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kuang Ming-Xing ◽  
Xiao Qiu-Jin ◽  
Kuang Nan-Zhen ◽  
Cui Chao-Ying ◽  
Hu Ai-Rong
Keyword(s):  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Impedance Change ◽  
Change Components

scholarly journals Miniaturized Broadband-Multiband Planar Monopole Antenna in Autonomous Vehicles Communication System Device

Electronics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (21) ◽  
pp. 2715
Author(s):  
Ming-An Chung ◽  
Chih-Wei Yang
Keyword(s):  
Communication System ◽  
Autonomous Vehicles ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Antenna Design ◽  
Dual Band ◽  
Impedance Change ◽  
Antenna Structure ◽  
Low Profile ◽  
Performance Results ◽  
Wireless Standards

The article mainly presents that a simple antenna structure with only two branches can provide the characteristics of dual-band and wide bandwidths. The recommended antenna design is composed of a clockwise spiral shape, and the design has a gradual impedance change. Thus, this antenna is ideal for applications also recommended in these wireless standards, including 5G, B5G, 4G, V2X, ISM band of WLAN, Bluetooth, WiFI 6 band, WiMAX, and Sirius/XM Radio for in-vehicle infotainment systems. The proposed antenna with a dimension of 10 × 5 mm is simple and easy to make and has a lot of copy production. The operating frequency is covered with a dual-band from 2000 to 2742 MHz and from 4062 to beyond 8000 MHz and, it is also demonstrated that the measured performance results of return loss, radiation, and gain are in good agreement with simulations. The radiation efficiency can reach 91% and 93% at the lower and higher bands. Moreover, the antenna gain can achieve 2.7 and 6.75 dBi at the lower and higher bands, respectively. This antenna design has a low profile, low cost, and small size features that may be implemented in autonomous vehicles and mobile IoT communication system devices.

scholarly journals Time-Lapse Seismic Monitoring of Onshore Reservoirs in Niger Delta, Field ‘K’ as a Case Study

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Ogbamikhumi ◽  
T. Tralagba ◽  
E. E. Osagiede
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Data ◽  
Acoustic Impedance ◽  
Niger Delta ◽  
Rock Physics ◽  
Time Lapse ◽  
Seismic Survey ◽  
Impedance Change ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Reservoir Fluid ◽  
4D Seismic

Field ‘K’ is a mature field in the coastal swamp onshore Niger delta, which has been producing since 1960. As a huge producing field with some potential for further sustainable production, field monitoring is therefore important in the identification of areas of unproduced hydrocarbon. This can be achieved by comparing production data with the corresponding changes in acoustic impedance observed in the maps generated from base survey (initial 3D seismic) and monitor seismic survey (4D seismic) across the field. This will enable the 4D seismic data set to be used for mapping reservoir details such as advancing water front and un-swept zones. The availability of good quality onshore time-lapse seismic data for Field ‘K’ acquired in 1987 and 2002 provided the opportunity to evaluate the effect of changes in reservoir fluid saturations on time-lapse amplitudes. Rock physics modelling and fluid substitution studies on well logs were carried out, and acoustic impedance change in the reservoir was estimated to be in the range of 0.25% to about 8%. Changes in reservoir fluid saturations were confirmed with time-lapse amplitudes within the crest area of the reservoir structure where reservoir porosity is 0.25%. In this paper, we demonstrated the use of repeat Seismic to delineate swept zones and areas hit with water override in a producing onshore reservoir.

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