scholarly journals The influence of emission sources on particulate matter pollution in adjacent areas

2019 ◽  
pp. 253-258
Author(s):  
Valeriu Danciulescu ◽  
Luoana Florentina Pascu ◽  
Mihaela Petrescu ◽  
Andreea Cozea ◽  
Raluca Diodiu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Industrial Plant ◽  
Emission Sources ◽  
Adjacent Area ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Neighbouring Area ◽  
Particulate Matter Pollution

Particulates generated by anthropogenic activities are found in the ambient air in varying amounts, in a wide range of sizes and in a wide variety of chemical composition. The concentration of particulates at one site, as well as their composition, are influenced by their origin and dispersion factors. By chemical and dimensional analysis of particulates in an area, we can draw preliminary conclusions about the origin and level of pollution in that area. This paper presents the results obtained by concomitant monitoring of particulates emissions and the concentration of particulate matter in ambient air in the adjacent area of an industrial plant. The result of the measurements obtained and their correlation with the specific conditions during the monitoring period lead us to the conclusion that the concentration of particulate matter at the emission sources directly influences the concentrations of particulate matter in the neighbouring area.

Emission Distribution and Regulation of Local Heat Source

2012 ◽  
Vol 326-328 ◽  
pp. 330-334 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Valíček ◽  
Jana Müllerová ◽  
Vlastimil Kuběna ◽  
Pavel Koštial ◽  
Marta Harničárová ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Local Heating ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Total Production ◽  
Economic Point ◽  
Automated Method ◽  
Wide Range

Pollutants can be classified according to their chemical composition, harmfulness, hazardousness, risk rate and toxicity. The most monitored pollutants are particulate matter (PM), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxide (NOx), sulfur dioxide (SO2), organic substances which are in the form of gaseous phase in waste gases expressed as total organic carbon, dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans [1-3]. Other pollutants are divided into several groups and subgroups, such as substances with carcinogenic effects (asbestos, Co, Cd, Be, Ni, As, Cr, dioxins, etc.), solid inorganic contaminants (He, Se, animony, and others) and inorganic pollutants in the form of gases (HCl, HF, ammonia, etc.), organic gases and vapours (phenol, toluene, acetone and many others) and gases causing the greenhouse effect (CO2, methane, N2O, hydrofluorocarbons, etc.). The term particulate matter, or suspended matter refers to the emissions of a wide range of wind drift solids and liquid particles of material in size from several nanometres up to 0.5 mm, which stay in the air for some time. This is a major component of atmospheric pollution, which contributes to harmful effects not only on human health but also on intensity of materials degradation. Into the atmosphere, where we can meet them, regardless of particle size and chemical composition, in the form of a complex heterogeneous mixture, they are released from burning fossil fuels and also from burning biomass-based fuels, while domestic heating accounts for about 16% of the total production of particulate matter [4,5,6]. This percentage represents a degree of imperfect combustion of fuels used in local heating. Emissions from incomplete combustion are undesirable from the point of view of human health as well as from the economic point of view, because this leads to the degradation of materials. Nevertheless, since fuel combustion is necessary for the society, emissions are still produced. This paper presents an automated method of perfect combustion control in local heating in order to minimize emissions being produced.

scholarly journals Spatio-Temporal Variation in the Concentration of Inhalable Particulate Matter (PM10) in Uganda

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (10) ◽  
pp. 1752 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silver Onyango ◽  
Beth Parks ◽  
Simon Anguma ◽  
Qingyu Meng
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Sampling Period ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Average Density ◽  
Diurnal Variations ◽  
Time Data ◽  
Seasonal Differences ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Impact

Long-term particulate matter (PM10) measurements were conducted during the period January 2016 to September 2017 at three sites in Uganda (Mbarara, Kyebando, and Rubindi) representing a wide range of urbanization. Spatial, temporal and diurnal variations are assessed in this paper. Particulate matter (PM10) samples were collected for 24-h periods on PTFE filters using a calibrated pump and analyzed gravimetrically to determine the average density. Particulate levels were monitored simultaneously using a light scattering instrument to acquire real time data from which diurnal variations were assessed. The PM10 levels averaged over the sampling period at Mbarara, Kyebando, and Rubindi were 5.8, 8.4, and 6.5 times higher than the WHO annual air quality guideline of 20 µg·m−3, and values exceeded the 24-h mean PM10 guideline of 50 µg·m−3 on 83, 100, and 86% of the sampling days. Higher concentrations were observed during dry seasons at all sites. Seasonal differences were statistically significant at Rubindi and Kyebando. Bimodal peaks were observed in the diurnal analysis with higher morning peaks at Mbarara and Kyebando, which points to the impact of traffic sources, while the higher evening peak at Rubindi points to the influence of dust suspension, roadside cooking and open-air waste burning. Long-term measurement showed unhealthy ambient air in all three locations tested in Uganda, with significant spatial and seasonal differences.

scholarly journals Large global variations in measured airborne metal concentrations driven by anthropogenic sources

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob McNeill ◽  
Graydon Snider ◽  
Crystal L. Weagle ◽  
Brenna Walsh ◽  
Paul Bissonnette ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Transport Model ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Anthropogenic Sources ◽  
World Health ◽  
Risk Level ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Metal Concentrations

AbstractGlobally consistent measurements of airborne metal concentrations in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) are important for understanding potential health impacts, prioritizing air pollution mitigation strategies, and enabling global chemical transport model development. PM2.5 filter samples (N ~ 800 from 19 locations) collected from a globally distributed surface particulate matter sampling network (SPARTAN) between January 2013 and April 2019 were analyzed for particulate mass and trace metals content. Metal concentrations exhibited pronounced spatial variation, primarily driven by anthropogenic activities. PM2.5 levels of lead, arsenic, chromium, and zinc were significantly enriched at some locations by factors of 100–3000 compared to crustal concentrations. Levels of metals in PM2.5 and PM10 exceeded health guidelines at multiple sites. For example, Dhaka and Kanpur sites exceeded the US National Ambient Air 3-month Quality Standard for lead (150 ng m−3). Kanpur, Hanoi, Beijing and Dhaka sites had annual mean arsenic concentrations that approached or exceeded the World Health Organization’s risk level for arsenic (6.6 ng m−3). The high concentrations of several potentially harmful metals in densely populated cites worldwide motivates expanded measurements and analyses.

scholarly journals Chemical composition, optical properties and radiative forcing efficiency of nascent particulate matter emitted by an aircraft turbofan burning conventional and alternative fuels

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miriam Elser ◽  
Benjamin T. Brem ◽  
Lukas Durdina ◽  
David Schönenberger ◽  
Frithjof Siegerist ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Optical Properties ◽  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Radiative Forcing ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Particulate Emissions ◽  
Low Thrust ◽  
Fuel Blends ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract. Aircraft engines are a unique source of carbonaceous aerosols in the upper troposphere. There, these particles can more efficiently interact with solar radiation than at ground. Due to the lack of measurement data, the radiative forcing from aircraft particulate emissions remains uncertain. To better estimate the global radiative effects of aircraft exhaust aerosol, its optical properties need to be comprehensively characterized. In this work we present the link between the chemical composition and the optical properties of the particulate matter (PM) measured at the engine exit plane of a CFM56-7B turbofan. The measurements covered a wide range of power settings (thrust), ranging from ground idle to take-off, using four different fuel blends of conventional Jet A-1 and Hydro-processed Ester and Fatty Acids (HEFA) biofuel. At the two measurement wavelengths (532 and 870 nm) and for all tested fuels, the absorption and scattering coefficients increased with thrust, as did the PM mass. The separation of elemental carbon (EC) and organic carbon (OC) revealed a significant mass fraction of OC (up to 90 %) at low thrust levels, while EC mass dominated at medium and high thrust. The use of HEFA blends induced a significant decrease in the PM mass and the optical coefficients at all thrust levels. The HEFA effect was highest at low thrust levels, where the EC mass was reduced by up to 50–60 %. The variability in the chemical composition of the particles was the main reason for the strong thrust dependency of the single scattering albedo (SSA), which followed the same trend as the OC fraction. Mass absorption coefficients (MAC) were determined from the correlations between aerosol light absorption and EC mass concentration. The obtained MAC values (MAC532 = 7.5 ± 0.3 m2 g−1 and MAC870 = 5.2 ± 0.9 m2 g−1) are in excellent agreement with previous literature values of absorption cross section for freshly generated soot. The Simple Forcing Efficiency (SFE) was used to evaluate the direct radiative effect of aircraft particulate emissions for various ground surfaces. The results indicate that aircraft PM emissions over highly reflective surfaces like snow or ice have a substantial warming effect. The use of the HEFA fuel blends decreased PM emissions, but no changes where observed in terms of EC/OC composition, optical properties and forcing per mass emitted.

scholarly journals Small (<2.5 micron) particulate matter concentration of ambient air and early death in Hungary

2012 ◽  
Vol 153 (8) ◽  
pp. 285-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
György Losonczy
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Early Death ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Years Of Life Lost ◽  
Cardiopulmonary Disease ◽  
Epidemiologic Evidence ◽  
Particulate Matter Concentration ◽  
Matter Concentration ◽  
Particulate Matter Pollution

The small (<2.5 micron) particulate matter concentration of ambient air is constantly measured and estimated over Europe, based on the recommendations of the WHO and the Council of Europe. Concentration of small size particulate matter has been found to be very high in Central and Eastern Europe, including central and eastern regions of Hungary. Epidemiologic evidence indicates strong direct correlation between small size particulate matter pollution and incidences of cardiopulmonary disease and lung cancer. As compared to Slovakia or the Czech Republic and after correction for population size, Hungary has the highest number of years of life lost due to small size particulate matter pollution related cardiopulmonary disease and lung cancer. Orv. Hetil., 2012, 153, 285–288.

scholarly journals Intra-urban variability of PM2.5 in a dense, low-income settlement on the South African Highveld

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon D. Moletsane ◽  
Farina Lindeque ◽  
Brigitte Language ◽  
Ncobile C.Nkosi ◽  
Joseph A. Adesina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
South African ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Emission Sources ◽  
Ambient Air Quality ◽  
The South ◽  
Space And Time ◽  
Local Emission

High concentrations of the ambient particulate matter remains a concern on the South African Highveld, particularly in densely populated low-income settlements. These areas have several local emission sources that contribute to poor air quality and are often located close to industrial and other urban areas. The local sources vary in magnitude, space, and time. In South Africa, little has been done to assess the impacts of spatiotemporal variability on the credibility of using isolated ambient observations for regulatory purposes. This study aims to evaluate the intra-urban variability of ambient PM2.5 concentrations in a dense, low-income community. Ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in distinct microenvironments of KwaZamokuhle were simultaneously measured at 4 sites between March and June 2018. These measurements were collected using one permanent ambient monitoring station (AMS) and a temporary network of three E-BAM monitors (Site 2, Site 3, and Site 4). The daily PM2.5 concentrations at AMS, Site 2, Site 3, and Site 4 varied from 10 to 86 µg.m-3, 10 to 103 µg.m-3, 11 to 101 µg.m-3, and 9 to 113 µg.m-3, respectively. Extreme PM2.5 concentrations which exceeded the 24h PM2.5 NAAQS of 40 µg.m-3 were seen during the cold period (May and June); meanwhile, the warm period (March and April) recorded relatively lower PM2.5 episodes across different sections of KwaZamokuhle. During May-June, the highest diurnal concentrations of hourly averaged ambient PM2.5 were recorded at Site 4, in a downward sequence, followed by Site 3, Site 2, and AMS. Furthermore, the results showed that across KwaZamokuhle, Site 4 has the highest proportion of households using solid fuels for domestic purposes (cooking and heating) (55%) and the number of informal dwellings (117 households). Therefore, the study highlights the complexity of quantifying ambient air quality in an area where several local emission sources vary in space and time. Attempts to use monitoring data from a single station to assess ambient air quality, quantify human exposure, or evaluate the potential impacts of mitigation strategies in dense, low-income settlements should be done with care.

scholarly journals Chemical composition and radiative properties of nascent particulate matter emitted by an aircraft turbofan burning conventional and alternative fuels

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (10) ◽  
pp. 6809-6820 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miriam Elser ◽  
Benjamin Tobias Brem ◽  
Lukas Durdina ◽  
David Schönenberger ◽  
Frithjof Siegerist ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Optical Properties ◽  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Radiative Properties ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Low Thrust ◽  
Scattering Coefficients ◽  
Fuel Blends ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract. Aircraft engines are a unique source of carbonaceous aerosols in the upper troposphere. There, these particles can more efficiently interact with solar radiation than at ground. Due to the lack of measurement data, the radiative forcing from aircraft exhaust aerosol remains uncertain. To better estimate the global radiative effects of aircraft exhaust aerosol, its optical properties need to be comprehensively characterized. In this work we present the link between the chemical composition and the optical properties of the particulate matter (PM) measured at the engine exit plane of a CFM56-7B turbofan. The measurements covered a wide range of power settings (thrust), ranging from ground idle to take-off, using four different fuel blends of conventional Jet A-1 and hydro-processed ester and fatty acids (HEFA) biofuel. At the two measurement wavelengths (532 and 870 nm) and for all tested fuels, the absorption and scattering coefficients increased with thrust, as did the PM mass. The analysis of elemental carbon (EC) and organic carbon (OC) revealed a significant mass fraction of OC (up to 90 %) at low thrust levels, while EC mass dominated at medium and high thrust. The use of HEFA blends induced a significant decrease in the PM mass and the optical coefficients at all thrust levels. The HEFA effect was highest at low thrust levels, where the EC mass was reduced by up to 50 %–60 %. The variability in the chemical composition of the particles was the main reason for the strong thrust dependency of the single scattering albedo (SSA), which followed the same trend as the fraction of OC to total carbon (TC). Mass absorption coefficients (MACs) were determined from the correlations between aerosol light absorption and EC mass concentration. The obtained MAC values (MAC532=7.5±0.3 m2 g−1 and MAC870=5.2±0.9 m2 g−1) are in excellent agreement with previous literature values of absorption cross section for freshly generated soot. While the MAC values were found to be independent of the thrust level and fuel type, the mass scattering coefficients (MSCs) significantly varied with thrust. For cruise conditions we obtained MSC532=4.5±0.4 m2 g−1 and MSC870=0.54±0.04 m2 g−1, which fall within the higher end of MSCs measured for fresh biomass smoke. However, the latter comparison is limited by the strong dependency of MSC on the particles' size, morphology and chemical composition. The use of the HEFA fuel blends significantly decreased PM emissions, but no changes were observed in terms of EC∕OC composition and radiative properties.

scholarly journals Elemental Characteristics of Respirable Particulate Matter in the Urban Atmosphere of Dehradun, Uttrakhand, India

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 319-328
Author(s):  
Sohni Sinha ◽  
Rajdeo Kumar ◽  
Amit Ranjan Kumar ◽  
Vignesh Prabhu ◽  
Ram Pravesh Kumar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Monsoon Season ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Urban Atmosphere ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Substantial Contribution ◽  
Respirable Particulate

To evaluate the ambient air quality of the Dehradun city, respirable particulate matter was collected using respirable dust sampler (RDS) and analysed for the heavy metal content using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). The morphology of particulates were determined using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and the elemental composition was determined through SEM- energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). Particulate matter mass concentration ranged from 65.00 µg m-3 to 337.33 µg m-3. Quantified heavy metals in particulate matter were Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn), Cobalt (Co), Manganese (Mn), Iron (Fe), Nickel (Ni), Chromium (Cr), Lead (Pb) and Cadmium (Cd). The order of concentration of heavy metals were found to be in the trend of Fe>Zn>Cu>Pb>Cr>Ni>Mn>Co>Cd. Maximum concentration of PM10 was found at commercial site during summer, winter and monsoon season. Enrichment factor analysis showed substantial contribution of anthropogenic activities on PM10. Source apportionment (varimax rotated factor analysis method) showed dominance of incineration and uncontrolled burning of waste and refuses, resuspended dust with vehicular emission and crustal sources as the dominant sources in Dehradun. Plantation drive strategy have major role in ambient particulate matter mitigation measures and carbon sequestration from climate change and global problem worldwide. This study will be help to mitigate or decrease the load of air pollution by the using of various trees for sustainable human development on the marvellous earth planet.

Seasonal variation and risk assessment of PM2.5 and PM2.5–10 in the ambient air of Kenitra, Morocco

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (11) ◽  
pp. 1427-1436 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mounia Tahri ◽  
Abdelfettah Benchrif ◽  
Moussa Bounakhla ◽  
Fouad Benyaich ◽  
Yves Noack
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Seasonal Variation ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Spatial Variations ◽  
Seasonal And Spatial Variations ◽  
One Year

The seasonal and spatial variations of particulate matter (PM2.5–10 and PM2.5) and its chemical composition have been studied over a one-year (2007–2008) in Kenitra city, located in northern Morocco.

scholarly journals Geochemical effect of the rock chemistry and the anthropogenic activities on groundwater: The case study of NW Euboea, Greece

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 942 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Kanellopoulos ◽  
P. Mitropoulos
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Analytical Data ◽  
Anthropogenic Activity ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Clastic Rocks ◽  
Wide Range

A geochemical study of NW Euboea island ground waters was undertaken, in order to examine the possible effect of the chemical composition of the country rocks of the area as well as of the anthropogenic activities, to the concentration of environmentally important elements and chemical compounds in the groundwaters. NW Euboea consists of a great variety of rock types showing a wide range in mineralogical and chemical composition. The main groups of rocks occurring in NW Euboea are: i) various types of sedimentary rocks e.g. shale and chert formations, carbonate and clastic rocks, ii) ophiolitic rocks including peridotite, gabbro, serpentinite etc, and iii) epizonally metamorphosed basic igneous rocks, with schist and phyllite intercalations. A number of hot springs also occur in the area. The main anthropogenic activity in the area is the agricultural land use, as any significant industrial activity is absent. For that purpose, 45 water samples were collected and analyzed by Spectrophotometry for the main anions and by FP and AAS for major and a number of trace elements. On the basis of those analyses, a number of the water samples were selected and analyzed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS for a large group of mainly metallic trace elements. The interpretation of the analytical data showed clearly that the content of the groundwater for a significant group of trace elements (e.g. Cr, Ni, Zn) was considerably influenced by the chemical composition of the surrounding rocks, especially the ophiolitic and metamorphic rocks. The anthropogenic activities also affect the groundwater quality, near areas where the use of fertilizers and pesticides for agricultural purposes is extensive, resulting to the increase of various anion concentrations (NO3 -, SO4 -2, PO4 -3).

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