scholarly journals Facts and their interpretation in paleoanthropological enquiries

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-132
Author(s):  
Jacek Tomczyk
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Inquiry ◽  
The State ◽  
Present Moment ◽  
Scientific Cognition ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Aim Of Science ◽  
The Subject ◽  
State Of Affairs

The search for truth in the sciences which deal with the prehistoric past seems exceptionally attractive. What is involved in them is not only the historical dimension, but also an attempt at understanding the present moment. This trivial statement may in practice cause a lot of trouble, since the issue at stake is actually not how “truth” is defined, but rather how we arrive at it. We need to remember that while the first stage of the scientific inquiry usually involves the gathering and description of facts, the second stage is mainly concerned with their explanation and interpretation. At both stages of scientific cognition – that is both in the process of obtaining facts and interpreting them – truth can be falsified by mistake or on purpose. Thus, the main aim of science – to make our comprehension agree with the subject (the state of affairs) under scrutiny – can be suppressed by subjective motivation. It is therefore recommendable to present various reasons behind such a peculiar “emendation” of truth in prehistoric research.

scholarly journals Experimental work on a new standard of light

1912 ◽  
Vol 86 (588) ◽  
pp. 409-410
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Work ◽  
The State ◽  
International Standard ◽  
Original Proposal ◽  
Proposal A ◽  
Standard Candle ◽  
The Subject ◽  
State Of Affairs

The competition between flame and incandescent standards of light, which has existed almost since the necessity for a standard began to be realised, has resolved itself for the time being into a compromise, so that, while Europe continues to employ the flame standard and America the electric glow-lamp, the relation of these two has been accurately determined, and they are now expressible in terms of the accepted International standard candle. This state of affairs, however, can hardly be considered as final, and effort has not altogether ceased to be directed towards finding some standard free from the defects of those at present in use. The following is an account of the results of an examination of an incandescent standard proposed some years ago. In bringing forward the original proposal, a review of the state of the subject led to the following conclusions:- (1) The Violle molten platinum standard is satisfactory as an absolute standard of reference.

scholarly journals The use of the dative with Latin compounds

2011 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Harm Pinkster
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Semantic Feature ◽  
Dative Case ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Degree Of Control ◽  
Compound Verbs ◽  
State Of Affairs

AbstractThis article is about compound verbs in Latin that govern a dative case for their second or third argument, although the simple verbs they are related to do not govern a dative themselves. With most compounds the use of the dative can be explained by referring to one or more (classes of) verbs with a similar meaning, or – especially in creative texts – by assuming a more complicated bridge, which is none the less semantic. One semantic feature that seems to be important is the degree of control of the subject over the state of affairs.

A note on interpreting damn expressives: transferring the blame

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 291-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
LYN FRAZIER ◽  
BRIAN DILLON ◽  
CHARLES CLIFTON
Keyword(s):  
Speech Act ◽  
Negative Attitude ◽  
The State ◽  
Test Items ◽  
Responsible Agent ◽  
The Subject ◽  
State Of Affairs

abstractExpressives like damn convey a negative attitude toward an entity or toward a situation. What is particularly interesting about such expressions is the looseness of the relation between their syntax, which is the syntax of normal attribute adjectives, and their interpretation (Potts 2005, 2007). An experiment on various negative expressives manipulated the placement of the expressive as a prior utterance, or inside the subject or inside an object of the verb or preposition. Experimental participants were asked what the speaker was most likely to have a negative attitude towards − the subject, the object, or the entire situation. The test items were of two types, ‘non-causal’ and ‘causal’, exemplified by The holiday is on the damn weekend and The dog is on the damn couch. In the non-causal items, the subject (holiday) cannot plausibly be taken as being responsible for the state of affairs described. However, in the causal items, the subject might be responsible for the state of affairs described. The same range of interpretations was observed for all placements of damn. The prior utterance condition (Damn. The dog is on the couch.) yielded more entire situation interpretations than the sentence-internal damn items. Overall, subject damn items yielded more subject interpretations than object damn items. However, as predicted by the hypothesis that blame would devolve on a potentially responsible agent (the culprit hypothesis), there were more subject interpretations in the causal items than in the non-causal items. The results suggest that considerable pragmatic inferencing is involved in the interpretation of expressives, consistent with a proposal that an expressive constitutes a separate speech act.

A Defence of Average Utilitarianism

Utilitas ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 389-424 ◽  
Author(s):  
MICHAEL PRESSMAN
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Population Ethics ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
State Of Affairs

Seemingly every theory of population ethics is confronted with unpalatable implications. While various approaches to the subject have been taken, including non-consequentialist approaches, this area has been dominated by utilitarian thought. The two main approaches to population ethics have been total utilitarianism (‘TU’) and average utilitarianism (‘AU’). According to TU, we should seek to bring about the state of affairs that maximizes the total amount of happiness. According to AU, we should seek to bring about the state of affairs that maximizes average per capita happiness. Both theories have been afflicted by seemingly strong objections, and as a result, numerous variations and hybrids have been introduced. Despite the widespread disagreement in the field, though, a near consensus has developed in rejecting AU as an absurd view. In this article, however, I will go against the grain and argue that AU is the theory of population ethics that we should endorse.

scholarly journals Disabled Women in the United Arab Emirates

1970 ◽  
pp. 58-59
Author(s):  
Munira bin Hindi
Keyword(s):  
United Arab Emirates ◽  
Physical Disability ◽  
The State ◽  
Single Word ◽  
Disabled Women ◽  
The Disabled ◽  
The Subject ◽  
State Of Affairs

When I tried to write about the state of affairs of the disabled woman in the United Arab Emirates, I enquired from myself about the subject before writing a single word, as I am a woman from the area suffering a physical disability since my childhood. Therefore, I am a person who most lives, lives with and feels with the disabled woman in the United Arab Emirates.

The State of Affairs in the Royal Navy

1966 ◽  
Vol 70 (663) ◽  
pp. 394-396
Author(s):  
J. A. Beadon
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Royal Navy ◽  
The Subject ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
The Cost

While the subject of this colloquium is limited to reliability, I feel it is essential to put this parameter in its right context as we as users in the RN see it.We in the RN are most concerned with the availability of our aircraft to perform the required operational task. We define availability as the percentage of a given period of time that an aircraft is either being used or is serviceable ready for use. If availability is low then we need a larger number of aircraft to meet a commitment. With the cost of current aircraft and our restrictions on carrier complements this is a vital consideration.

scholarly journals Paradoxes in scientific cognition and nonclassical logics

2020 ◽  
pp. 53-64
Author(s):  
Boris Leonidovich Iashin
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Development ◽  
Actual State ◽  
Quantum Logics ◽  
Von Neumann ◽  
Scientific Cognition ◽  
Nonclassical Logics ◽  
Positive Meaning ◽  
The Subject ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
Logical Paradoxes

The subject of this research is the scientific paradoxes and such means for its resolution as nonclassical logics. The author defends a thesis that paradoxes often stimulate the scientific development. It is demonstrated that most vividly the problem of paradoxes manifested in crises in the fundamentals of mathematics; the attempts for its resolution in many ways contributes to the emergence of nonclassical logics. It is substantiated that nonclassical logics helped to resolve and explain the paraded occurring in scientific cognition. Comparative analysis is conducted on the capabilities of  three-valued “quantum logics” of Garrett Birkhoff and John von Neumann and “logics of complementarity” of Hans Reichenbach. Potential of the three-valued logics of D. Bochvar and nonclassical systems of A. Zinoviev in resolution and explanation of logical paradoxes, as well as importance of temporary logics of G. H. Wright for the philosophy of science is revealed. Special attention is paid  to the paraconsistent logics. The author determines two points of view in understanding of their essence and value for science and philosophy, which juxtaposition shows that none of them fully complies with the actual state of affairs. The main conclusion consists in the statement that paradoxes of scientific cognition should not be assessed just negatively; they also carry a positive meaning: detection of paradoxes in the theory testifies to the need for their elimination, more detailed research and stricter approach towards development of the theory, which in solution of this task can be accomplished by nonclassical logics.

scholarly journals XXXVI. Description of the Refectory of the Priory of Great Malvern. In a Letter from Edward Blore, Esq., D.C.L., F.S.A., to Albert Way, Esq., Director

Archaeologia ◽  
1844 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 514-516
Author(s):  
Edward Blore
Keyword(s):  
Short Distance ◽  
Domestic Work ◽  
Early Period ◽  
The State ◽  
Domestic Architecture ◽  
Present Moment ◽  
Future Time ◽  
Great Pleasure ◽  
14Th Century ◽  
The Subject

I have great pleasure in complying with your wish to have copies of my sketches of the Refectory of the Priory at Great Malvern for publication in the Archaeologia of the Society of Antiquaries. (Plates XX. XXI.) It may add something to the interest of the subject, and at the present moment may furnish an useful illustration of the danger to which the valuable remains of the olden times are exposed for want of proper and effectual protection, were I to describe the circumstances under which I found this interesting specimen of the domestic architecture of the 14th century, and its subsequent fate. The story is told in few words. In the year 1837, I discovered it in the state represented in the sketches; two years subsequently it had ceased to exist. Owing, I believe, to the exterior having been very much disguised by recent repairs, it had remained unnoticed until the period above named, when curiosity led me to Malvern, to examine the beautiful Priory Church at that place. After gratifying this feeling, I devoted the little time I had to spare to an examination of the surrounding buildings, when my attention was attracted by a large barn, at a short distance to the south, in which I fancied I could discern some indications of old work in traceried windows. Having obtained an entrance to the interior, I found it nearly filled with the produce of the farm to which it was attached; but the extraordinary and beautiful roof stood clear and free above the accumulated produce with which the lower part was incumbered. Not anticipating such a discovery, the little time I had to spare only allowed me to make one hurried sketch of the exterior and one of the interior, with a few memoranda of mouldings; delighted with the opportunity of securing so much, and hoping at some future time to revisit the place for the purpose of making more careful notes of its proportions, construction, and peculiarity of form and ornament. Before, however, this opportunity occurred, the utilitarian spirit of its possessor had occasioned its entire demolition; and I regret very much to add, that, notwithstanding I had mentioned my discovery to several antiquaries who take an interest in the ancient domestic architecture of the country, I believe it was seen by few and drawn by none. My own sketches may, therefore, as far as I am aware, be considered as the only records of a specimen of domestic work which belongs to an early period, is interesting as connected with an important monastic establishment, and more so for the peculiarities of its decorations, which, as far as I know, are unique in their application to such a purpose.

scholarly journals Art. IX.—The Medical Art amongst the Chinese

1837 ◽  
Vol 4 (7) ◽  
pp. 154-171
Author(s):  
C. Gutzlaff
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Public Utility ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Present Moment ◽  
Asiatic Society ◽  
The People ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Right ◽  
Chinese Empire ◽  
Different Parts

“The following paper on the state of the Medical Art amongst the Chinese, has been recently presented to the Royal Asiatic Society, by the Right Hon. Alexander Johnston. He, as Chairman of the Committee of Correspondence of the Society, has for some time instituted a variety of inquiries into the state of that art, in the different parts of Asia. This paper has been sent to him by the Rev. Mr. Gutzlaff, the intelligent and zealous Protestant Missionary in China, who forwarded to him, some time ago, the very curious and interesting analysis of the Chinese work, called the Yi She, which has been published in the last number of the Journal. The extent of the Chinese empire; the number of its inhabitants; the progress which they are known to have made from the earliest times in arts, manufactures, agriculture, and different branches of civilization; the nature and value of the mineral and vegetable productions of their country; the knowledge which they possess of the properties and uses of those productions; the variety of the climates to which they are subject in the different parts of the empire; the nature of the numerous diseases from which they suffer; the jealousy with which the Chinese Government have hitherto excluded foreigners from all intercourse with the people, and the obstacles which they have opposed to the acquisition by foreigners of all authentic information relative to their country, render a paper of this description, at the present moment, when the Parliament of Great Britain has opened the trade with China to all British subjects, an object of interest and public utility, the more so, as Sir Alexander Johnston, having submitted it for perusal to Sir Henry Halford, has received from that gentleman, who is so distinguished in his profession, and has transmitted to China a set of queries which are calculated to elicit from the Chinese such information as is deemed valuable by those who are professionally acquainted with the subject in this country.”

scholarly journals Сhallenges of the modern model of formation and implementation of the Russian state innovation policy

Upravlenie ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 149-154
Author(s):  
A. N. Gusarova ◽  
D. Yu. Znamenskiy
Keyword(s):  
Political Institutions ◽  
Innovation Policy ◽  
Current System ◽  
The State ◽  
Innovative Development ◽  
The Face ◽  
Scientific Technical ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Market Needs ◽  
State Of Affairs

The state innovation policy of modern Russia has been analyzed in the article. The problems of the existing model of formation and implementation of the state innovation policy have been considered. This direction of policy has been studied from the standpoint of institutional, technological and time components, which allows us to characterize the modern model of the state innovation policy of Russia as a model implemented “top-down”, as the center of decision-making was shifted towards the state in the face of government agencies and decision-makers with minimal consideration of the views of other stakeholders. The subject of this study is the interaction of political institutions in the formation and implementation of the state innovation policy of Russia. The role of small and medium-sized enterprises of scientific, technical and innovative orientation in the studied processes as the most “sensitive” market needs has been emphasized, the focus has been shifted to increase the responsibility of the first persons of the regions for regional innovative development, as well as to the nominal nature of the state priority of innovative development of Russia. As a methodological basis, a system-dynamic approach is used, which allows you to reveal systematically the shortcomings of the current system, expressed in the limited interaction of political institutions, their communication and the quality of partnerships. This is largely due to the symbolic (nominal) political demand for such development and the weak setting, optimal for the development of innovation, socio-political environment. The conclusion has been made, that it is possible to correct the current state of affairs when changing: the legal support of the innovation sphere, the subject composition of the participants in the development and implementation of state policy in the field of innovation and the conditions for the development and growth of innovation.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document