scholarly journals Struktura zawodowa Płocka w świetle księgi ławniczej miasta za lata 1489-1517

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 164-171
Author(s):  
Waldemar Graczyk

Liber actorum civilium of the city of Płock covering the years 1489-1517 is a valuable source of information about the social and professional structure of Płock, as well as its customs and culture at the turn of the 15th and 16th centuries. Fortunately it survived the destruction of archival and library collections in Warsaw during World War II, and was published in 1995 by Danuta Poppe. On the pages of this liber of the city of Płock for the years 489-1517 we find representatives of 20 professions who lived and worked in Płock. As was already mentioned it is not the complete list, although it still shows the areas of the activity of the townspeople from Płock. The testaments say a lot about their financial status where sacrum, charity, care and family protection completed each other. The records in which the Płock craftsman appear on the pages of the liber actorum civilum concerned every day matters as purchase, sale, exchange, lease or donations. The fact that they enjoyed the popularity of the residents of the city shows that they were asked for arbitration of arguable matters. At the turn of 15th and 16th century the craftsmen were involved in the guilds, of which the liber mentions four: butchers, weavers, shoemakers, saddlers. The traits were concerned with the development of the craft among other trade contracts. Moreover they defended the interests of their community, they provided aid to the needy, gave opportunities for social contacts and also cared for the morality of the guild members.

Author(s):  
Büşra Özaydin Çat

Today the World has a biggest crisis of refugee since The World War II. Refugee is a person who is depressed due to his/her religion, race and ideas or who defect to another country with fear of being oppressed. The refugee camps are high intensity places which provide refugees housing and other social and physical needs. On the other hand today in the capitalist and global cities the most important places for housing are gated communities. The scope of this study is to examine the social and physical similarities of refugee camps and gated communities. Within this framework when we look at some definitions of the concept of gated community, we can see the imitation of refugee camp. In this study, firstly the concept of housing/dwelling and the concept of security which is the most important reason of emerging of gated communities and refugee camps will be analyzed. Then physical and social resemblances of gated communities and refugee camps will be examined. For identifying physical similarities being surrounded by wall or fence, location of the gated communities and refugee camps in the city, their outbuildings like market, pharmacy and their intensity will be analyzed. For social similarities the sense of belonging of refugees and residents and their relations with city will be examined. The results of these will be summarized and evaluated.


PEDIATRICS ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 389-389
Author(s):  
R. J. H.

In Warsaw, Poland, a city destroyed at the end of World War II, housing and schools were rebuilt and assigned without regard to social class. In 1974, 96% of the children born eleven years earlier, were tested for cognitive ability and correlations made between parental occupation and education and with the school and distance of the home from the city. Results showed that parental occupation and education were much more strongly correlated with cognitive development than type of school or district in which the family lived. The authors conclude that equalization of living conditions and schooling over a generation have "failed to override forces that determine the social class distribution of mental performance among children."


Author(s):  
Lawrence A. Scaff

Max Weber, widely considered a founder of sociology and the modern social sciences, visited the United States in 1904 with his wife Marianne. The trip was a turning point in Weber's life and it played a pivotal role in shaping his ideas, yet until now virtually the only source of information about the trip was Marianne Weber's faithful, but not always reliable, 1926 biography of her husband. The book carefully reconstructs this important episode in Weber's career, and shows how the subsequent critical reception of Weber's work was as American a story as the trip itself. The book provides new details about Weber's visit to the United States—what he did, what he saw, whom he met and why, and how these experiences profoundly influenced Weber's thought on immigration, capitalism, science and culture, Romanticism, race, diversity, Protestantism, and modernity. It traces Weber's impact on the development of the social sciences in the United States following his death in 1920, examining how Weber's ideas were interpreted, translated, and disseminated by American scholars such as Talcott Parsons and Frank Knight, and how the Weberian canon, codified in America, was reintroduced into Europe after World War II.


Author(s):  
Мария Владимировна Нащокина

Бременская улица Бондарей (Бёттхерштрассе, нем. Böttcherstraße) - уникальный пример обновления средневековой улицы, превращенной в яркое архитектурно-художественное произведение 1920-1930-х гг., воплотившее буквально все приемы «средового» подхода к реконструкции городской застройки, который сформировался в 1970-е гг. Все здания улицы воспроизводят застройку средневекового ганзейского города и дополнены произведениями декоративно-прикладного искусства или скульптуры, несущими не только эстетическую, но и символическую нагрузку, обусловленную общим замыслом бременского торговца кофе Людвига Розелиуса, который предполагал создать в городе новую культурную достопримечательность. Над проектами и постройками по его заказу работали архитекторы А. Рунге и Э. Скотланд, создавшие стилизованные дома, органично вписанные в старый город, а также выдающийся скульптор и архитектор Бернгардт Хётгер (1874-1949). Его постройки в начале и в конце улицы, ключевые для замысла Розелиуса, - музей художницы П. Модерзон-Беккер и дом «Атлантис» - совершенно современные и оригинальные по символике и форме. Со стороны Рыночной площади начало улицы обозначал полный динамики позолоченный барельеф Хётгера «Тот, кто приносит свет». Большинство скульптур на улице и в прилегающих двориках также принадлежит ему. Все постройки выполнены в кирпиче, причем кирпичные поверхности стен построек Хётгера превращены в абстрактные рельефы, придающие им оригинальность и очевидную современность, близкую к эстетике немецкого экспрессионизма и ар-деко. В новых и перестроенных домах XVI в. расположились три музея, лавки, рестораны, галерея, казино и театр.Восстановление улицы после бомбардировок союзников во время Второй мировой войны закончилось в 1954 г. Фасады и интерьеры некоторых зданий (в том числе дома «Атлантис») были модернизированы. Сегодня улица Бондарей представляет собой поучительный пример модернизации исторической городской застройки. The Cooperstreet (Böttcherstraße) in Bremen is a unique example of updating the medieval streets to transform them into a vivid architectural work of art in the 1920-1930s, that anticipated literally all methods of “environ-mental” approach of the reconstruction of urban development, carried out in the 1970s. All the street buildings reproduce the buildings of the medieval Hanseatic city and are complemented by works of decorative and applied art or sculpture, carrying not only aesthetic but also a symbolic load, due to the General idea, owned by the Bremen coffee merchant Ludwig Roselius, who intended to create a new cultural attraction in the city. The architects A. Runge and E. Scotland worked on the projects and buildings on Roselius’order, creating stylized houses, organically inscribed in the old city. So did the outstanding sculptor and architect Bernhard Hoetger (1874-1949). His buildings at the beginning and at the end of the street (the key ones according to Roselius’ plan) - the Museum of the artist P. Moderzon-Becker and Atlantis house - are completely modern and original in symbolism and form. On the side of the Market square, the street was marked by a dynamic gilded bas-relief of Hoetger’s “The one who brings light”. Most of the sculptures on the street and in the surrounding courtyards also belong to him. All the buildings are made of brick, and the brick surfaces of the walls of Hoetger’s buildings are turned into abstract reliefs, giving them originality and obvious modernity, close to the aesthetics of German expressionism and Art Deco. There are three museums, shops, restaurants, a gallery, a casino and a theater located in the new and rebuilt houses of the 16th century. The revitalization of the street after the Alied bombing of Bremen during World War II was completed in 1954. The facades and interiors of some buildings (including Atlantis house) have been modernized. Today, the Cooperstreet (Böttcherstraße) is an instructive example of the modernization of historical urban development.


Author(s):  
Connie Y. Chiang

The mass imprisonment of over 110,000 people of Japanese ancestry during World War II was one of the most egregious violations of civil liberties in US history. Removed from their homes on the temperate Pacific Coast, Japanese Americans spent the war years in ten desolate camps in the nation’s interior. Although scholars and commentators acknowledge the harsh environmental conditions of these camps, they have turned their attention to the social, political, or legal dimensions of this story. Nature Behind Barbed Wire shifts the focus to the natural world and explores how it shaped the experiences of Japanese Americans and federal officials who worked for the War Relocation Authority (WRA), the civilian agency that administered the camps. The complexities of the natural world both enhanced and constrained the WRA’s power and provided Japanese Americans with opportunities to redefine the terms and conditions of their confinement. Even as the environment compounded their feelings of despair and outrage, they also learned that their willingness (or lack thereof) to transform and adapt to the natural world could help them endure and even contest their incarceration. Ultimately, this book demonstrates that the Japanese American incarceration was fundamentally an environmental story. Japanese Americans and WRA officials negotiated the terms of confinement with each other and with a dynamic natural world.


Author(s):  
Christel Lane

This chapter analyses inns, taverns, and public houses in their social context, exploring their organizational identity and the social positions of their owners/tenants. It examines how patrons express their class, gender, and national identity by participation in different kinds of sociality. Seventeenth- and eighteenth-century hostelries afforded more opportunities for cross-class sociability than in later centuries. Social mixing was facilitated because the venues fulfilled multiple economic, social, and political functions, thereby providing room for social interaction apart from communal drinking and eating. Yet, even in these earlier centuries, each type of hostelry already had a distinctive class character, shaping its organizational identity. Division along lines of class hardened, and social segregation increased in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, up to World War II. In the post-War era, increased democratization of society at large became reflected in easier social mixing in pubs. Despite this democratization, during the late twentieth century the dominant image of pubs as a working-class institution persisted.


2021 ◽  
pp. 095792652199214
Author(s):  
Kim Schoofs ◽  
Dorien Van De Mieroop

In this article, we scrutinise epistemic competitions in interviews about World War II. In particular, we analyse how the interlocutors draw on their epistemic authority concerning WWII to construct their interactional telling rights. On the one hand, the analyses illustrate how the interviewers rely on their historical expert status – as evidenced through their specialist knowledge and ventriloquisation of vicarious WWII narratives – in order to topicalise certain master narratives and thereby attempt to project particular identities upon the interviewees. On the other hand, the interviewees derive their epistemic authority from their first-hand experience as Jewish Holocaust survivors, on which they draw in order to counter these story projections, whilst constructing a more distinct self-positioning to protect their nuanced personal identity work. Overall, these epistemic competitions not only shaped the interviewees’ identity work, but they also made the link between storytelling and the social context more tangible as they brought – typically rather elusive – master narratives to the surface.


2011 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael A. Rynkiewich

Abstract There was a time when mission studies benefitted from a symbiotic relationship with the social sciences. However, it appears that relationship has stagnated and now is waning. The argument is made here, in the case of cultural anthropology both in Europe and the United States, that a once mutually beneficial though sometimes strained relationship has suffered a parting of the ways in recent decades. First, the article reviews the relationships between missionaries and anthropologists before World War II when it was possible to be a ‘missionary anthropologist’ with a foot in both disciplines. In that period, the conversation went two ways with missionary anthropologists making important contributions to anthropology. Then, the article reviews some aspects of the development of the two disciplines after World War II when increasing professionalism in both disciplines and a postmodern turn in anthropology took the disciplines in different directions. Finally, the article asks whether or not the conversation, and thus the cross-fertilization, can be restarted, especially since the youngest generation of anthropologists has recognized the reality of local Christianities in their fields of study.


2010 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philippe Fontaine

ArgumentFor more than thirty years after World War II, the unconventional economist Kenneth E. Boulding (1910–1993) was a fervent advocate of the integration of the social sciences. Building on common general principles from various fields, notably economics, political science, and sociology, Boulding claimed that an integrated social science in which mental images were recognized as the main determinant of human behavior would allow for a better understanding of society. Boulding's approach culminated in the social triangle, a view of society as comprised of three main social organizers – exchange, threat, and love – combined in varying proportions. According to this view, the problems of American society were caused by an unbalanced combination of these three organizers. The goal of integrated social scientific knowledge was therefore to help policy makers achieve the “right” proportions of exchange, threat, and love that would lead to social stabilization. Though he was hopeful that cross-disciplinary exchanges would overcome the shortcomings of too narrow specialization, Boulding found that rather than being the locus of a peaceful and mutually beneficial exchange, disciplinary boundaries were often the occasion of conflict and miscommunication.


2008 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 411-413 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Eskola ◽  
V. Peuraniemi

AbstractLake sediments were studied from four lakes in environmentally different areas in northern Finland. Lakes Pyykösjärvi and Kuivasjärvi are situated near roads with heavy traffic and the city of Oulu. Lakes Martinlampi and Umpilampi are small lakes in a forest area with no immediate human impact nearby. The concentration of Pb increases in the upper parts of the sedimentary columns of Lake Kuivasjärvi and Lake Pyykösjärvi. This is interpreted as being an anthropogenic effect related to heavy traffic in the area and use of Lake Pyykösjärvi as an airport during World War II. High Ni and Zn concentrations in the Lake Umpilampi sediments are caused by weathered black schists. Sediments in Lake Martinlampi show high Pb and Zn contents with increasing Pb concentrations up through the sedimentary column. The sources of these elements are probably Pb-Zn mineralization in the bedrock, Pb-Zn-rich boulders and anomalous Pb and Zn contents in till in the catchment area of the lake.


Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document