scholarly journals One or many normativities?

2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 5
Author(s):  
Michał Piekarski
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of Science ◽  
Contemporary Philosophy ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
New Approach

The aim of the present investigation is to sketch a new approach to analysing normativity. First (§1–2) I locate the problem of normativity in the landscape of contemporary philosophy and focus on the dispute between naturalism and antinaturalism. Then (§3) I discuss the so-called top-down approach to studying normativity, to which I oppose the bottom-up approach inspired by contemporary philosophy of science (§4). I see the integration of these approaches as enabling investigations of normative phenomena that do not reduce them to just one type of normativity (e.g. morality).

Dealing with Multiple Models in System Dynamics

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 17-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Willem L. Auping ◽  
Erik Pruyt ◽  
Jan H. Kwakkel
Keyword(s):  
System Dynamics ◽  
Simulation Models ◽  
Dynamics Simulation ◽  
Multiple Models ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Behavioural Patterns ◽  
Copper Availability

This paper introduces an approach to compare simulation runs from multiple System Dynamics simulation models. Three dynamic hypotheses regarding the uncertain evolutions of long-term copper availability are introduced and used to illustrate the new approach. They correspond to three different perspectives on the copper system (global top-down, global bottom-up, and regional top-down). Although each of these models allows to generate a wealth of behavioural patterns, the focus in this paper is on the differences in trajectories caused by different models for identical values of shared parameters and identical settings of other assumptions, not on differences in behavioural patterns caused by each of the models. Hence, differences in trajectories between the three models are identified, quantified, and classified based on a quantified measure of difference. For these models, small differences between the trajectories are only found in stable runs, while the alternative perspectives are largely responsible for medium to large differences. Hence, it is concluded that multiple dynamic hypotheses may have to be modelled when dealing with uncertain issues.

scholarly journals A New Approach to Programming Language Education for Beginners with Top-Down Learning

2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (S4) ◽  
pp. 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daisuke Saito ◽  
Tsuneo Yamaura
Keyword(s):  
Programming Languages ◽  
Programming Language ◽  
Language Education ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Basic Approaches

There are two basic approaches in learning new programming language: a bottom-up approach and a top-down approach. It has been said that if a learner has already acquired one language, the top-down approach is more efficient to learn another while, for a person who has absolutely no knowledge of any programming languages; the bottom-up approach is preferable. The major problem of the bottom-up approach is that it requires longer period to acquire the language. For quicker learning, this paper applies a top-down approach for a beginners who has not yet acquired any programming languages.

scholarly journals Bottoms-up! Rejecting Top-down Human-centered Approaches in Comparative Psychology

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taryn Eaton ◽  
Robert Hutton ◽  
Jessica Leete ◽  
Jennifer Lieb ◽  
Audrey Robeson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Psychology ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
New Approach ◽  
The Past ◽  
And Behaviors ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Further Development

Although comparative psychologists have made considerable strides in the past several decades, expanding the breadth of species and questions examined, the field still suffers from an overemphasis on top-down approaches that begin and end with a focus on humans. This top-down perspective leads to biases and oversights that hamper the further development of the field. A bottom-up approach that considers species-specific abilities and behaviors in the context of theoretically relevant comparisons will be most useful in advancing knowledge of species-specific and shared abilities. This will allow a better determination of the extent to which continuities and discontinuities exist as a function of different ecological forces. In addition, a bottom-up approach will facilitate a shift in focus from using animals to better understand humans, to understanding animals themselves. This new approach will allow for an appreciation of how humans can benefit other species.

scholarly journals Local lens for SDG implementation: lessons from bottom-up approaches in Africa

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 729-743 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda Jiménez-Aceituno ◽  
Garry D. Peterson ◽  
Albert V. Norström ◽  
Grace Y. Wong ◽  
Andrea S. Downing
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development Goals ◽  
Sustainable Cities ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
New Approach ◽  
2030 Agenda ◽  
Local Contexts ◽  
Local Initiatives ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
Sustainability Challenges

Abstract The Anthropocene presents a set of interlinked sustainability challenges for humanity. The United Nations 2030 Agenda has identified 17 specific Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) as a way to confront these challenges. However, local initiatives have long been addressing issues connected to these goals in a myriad of diverse and innovative ways. We present a new approach to assess how local initiatives contribute to achieving the SDGs. We analyse how many, and how frequently, different SDGs and targets are addressed in a set of African initiatives. We consider goals and targets addressed by the same initiative as interacting between them. Then, we cluster the SDGs based on the combinations of goals and targets addressed by the initiatives and explore how SDGs differ in how local initiatives engage with them. We identify 5 main groups: SDGs addressed by broad-scope projects, SDGs addressed by specific projects, SDGs as means of implementation, cross-cutting SDGs and underrepresented SDGs. Goal 11 (sustainable cities & communities) is not clustered with any other goal. Finally, we explore the nuances of these groups and discuss the implications and relevance for the SDG framework to consider bottom-up approaches. Efforts to monitor the success on implementing the SDGs in local contexts should be reinforced and consider the different patterns initiatives follow to address the goals. Additionally, achieving the goals of the 2030 Agenda will require diversity and alignment of bottom-up and top-down approaches.

ON TRUTH, UNCERTAINTY, EQUILIBRIUM AND HARMONY — A TAXONOMY FOR YINYANG SCIENTIFIC COMPUTING

2008 ◽  
Vol 04 (02) ◽  
pp. 207-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
WEN-RAN ZHANG ◽  
PAUL P. WANG ◽  
KARL E. PEACE ◽  
JUSTIN ZHAN ◽  
YAN-QING ZHANG
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of Science ◽  
Scientific Computing ◽  
Deductive Reasoning ◽  
Dynamic Logic ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Chinese Philosopher ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
And Mathematics ◽  
The Ancient Chinese

Although modern scientific and technological advances derive computational power primarily from the classical evidence-based bottom-up cognition as founded by Greek philosopher Aristotle in his philosophy of science with a bivalent logic, the classical cognition, however, has met stiff challenges during the last few decades because of uncertainty faced by many new scientific endeavors. The holistic top-down nature of nanotechnology and brain modeling are just two of many examples. This new development points to the need for a critical review of the historical origins and distinctions of both top-down and bottom-up cognitions. This paper reviews the philosophy of science as founded by Aristotle (300BC), the Platonic realism as founded by Aristotle's teacher Plato (400BC-300BC), and the YinYang philosophy as founded by the ancient Chinese philosopher Laozi (or Laotze) (600BC). It is suggested that the long-standing unsettled dispute between Aristotle and Plato features a major source of uncertainty for both logic and mathematics. The authors hence propose a number of controversial philosophical and logical issues for debate. We advocate YinYang as an inspiration and unifying force for both top-down inductive and bottom-up deductive reasoning. We attempt to use an equilibrium-based YinYang bipolar dynamic logic (BDL) to bridge the gap between Aristotle and Plato as well as between logic and mathematics. Furthermore, we present a taxonomy for YinYang scientific computing with a classification of logical and statistical models for further discussion; we suggest that YinYang can be used as a catalyst for resolving certain "terminological difficulties" regarding truth, polarity, intuitionism, para-consistency, and fuzziness for equilibrium and harmony. A number of critical points are enumerated and discussed. An open challenge is posted.

Psychology and Culture: Top Down Versus Bottom Up?

PsycCRITIQUES ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 50 (19) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Cole
Keyword(s):  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up
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