Specific interactions of rotavirus HAL1166 with Enterobacter cloacae SENG-6 and their contribution on rotavirus HAL1166 removal

2019 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 342-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohan Amarasiri ◽  
Hiroki Kawai ◽  
Masaaki Kitajima ◽  
Satoshi Okabe ◽  
Daisuke Sano
Keyword(s):  
Suspended Solids ◽  
Cross Flow ◽  
Enteric Viruses ◽  
Enteric Virus ◽  
Enterobacter Cloacae ◽  
Specific Interactions ◽  
Virus Removal ◽  
Human Enteric Virus ◽  
Cake Layer ◽  
Human Enteric Viruses

Abstract Contribution of specific interactions between human enteric viruses and wastewater suspended solids on human enteric virus removal by microfiltration was studied. A cross-flow microfiltration system was used with rotavirus HAL1166 and Enterobacter cloacae SENG-6 as the model virus and wastewater suspended solid. Cleavage of rotavirus HAL1166 protein VP4 by trypsin produces the VP8* subunit, which specifically interacts with histo-blood group antigen (HBGA). In the presence of Enterobacter cloacae SENG-6, the trypsin-treated rotavirus concentration reduced with time (R2 > 0.6) compared to the reduction of non-trypsin treated rotavirus. Calculation of the gel/cake layer deposited on the membrane, consisting of Enterobacter cloacae SENG-6 and either trypsin-treated or non-trypsin treated rotavirus HAL1166, revealed that the microflocs consisting of trypsin-treated rotavirus and Enterobacter cloacae SENG-6 have lower porosity and permeability, displaying higher resistance to virus passage through the membrane. The results provide evidence that specific wastewater suspended solids–human enteric virus interaction can contribute to increasing the removal of human enteric viruses by microfiltration.

Virus removal efficiency of ceramic water filters: effects of bentonite turbidity

2013 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 304-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cameron Farrow ◽  
Edward McBean ◽  
Hamidreza Salsali
Keyword(s):  
Removal Efficiency ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Source Water ◽  
Virus Removal ◽  
Ceramic Water Filters ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
Cake Layer ◽  
Human Enteric Viruses ◽  
Removal Efficiencies ◽  
Water Filters

Ceramic water filters (CWFs) are utilized in many developing countries as point-of-use (POU) water treatment devices, to reduce waterborne pathogens in potable water. Virus removal efficiencies of several CWFs are investigated under various influent conditions using MS2 (ATCC: 15597-B1) as a surrogate phage for human enteric viruses. The addition of bentonite turbidity (6–8 NTU) in the influent source water showed increased viral removal efficiency of CWFs by 0.1–0.2 log compared to tests involving clear (<1 NTU) influents. Trials employing an applied clay cake layer, formed using highly turbid influent source water (100 NTU) and no cleaning regime between trials, resulted in viral removal efficiency values of 1.5–2.5 log, compared to 0.2–0.5 log during non-obstructed trials.

Viral Pollution of Coastal Waters Resulting from the Disposal of Untreated Sewage Effluents

1986 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 43-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Krikelis ◽  
P. Markoulatos ◽  
N. Spyrou
Keyword(s):  
Viral Load ◽  
Coastal Waters ◽  
Enteric Viruses ◽  
Environmental Waters ◽  
Virus Removal ◽  
Field Isolates ◽  
Sewage Effluents ◽  
Untreated Sewage ◽  
Human Enteric Viruses ◽  
Coxsackie B

The viral pollution of environmental waters results primarily from the discharge of domestic wastewaters which carry human enteric viruses. The present study examines the viral load of sewage effluents, before their treatment for virus removal, over a thirteen-month period. The maximum viral load detected during the study period was 880 viral cytopathic units per litre of sample. This was recorded in the month of November 1983. Out of 236 randomly selected field-isolates the following serotypes were distinguished as types: all three Polio, four Coxsackie B, three Echo and six Adeno. The serotypes with the highest frequency were Polio II, Coxsackie B4 and Adeno 7.

Round-Robin Comparison of Methods for the Detection of Human Enteric Viruses in Lettuce

2004 ◽  
Vol 67 (10) ◽  
pp. 2315-2319 ◽  
Author(s):  
FRANÇOISE S. LE GUYADER ◽  
ANNA-CHARLOTTE SCHULTZ ◽  
LARISSA HAUGARREAU ◽  
LUCIANA CROCI ◽  
LEENA MAUNULA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Enteric Virus ◽  
Virus Contamination ◽  
Human Enteric Virus ◽  
Sewage Contamination ◽  
Concentration Step ◽  
Human Enteric Viruses ◽  
Reliable Methods ◽  
Virus Strains ◽  
Commercial Kit

Five methods that detect human enteric virus contamination in lettuce were compared. To mimic multiple contaminations as observed after sewage contamination, artificial contamination was with human calicivirus and poliovirus and animal calici-virus strains at different concentrations. Nucleic acid extractions were done at the same time in the same laboratory to reduce assay-to-assay variability. Results showed that the two critical steps are the washing step and removal of inhibitors. The more reliable methods (sensitivity, simplicity, low cost) included an elution/concentration step and a commercial kit. Such development of sensitive methods for viral detection in foods other than shellfish is important to improve food safety.

Enteric viruses in drinking water supplies

2002 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 17-22
Author(s):  
A.P. Wyn-Jones ◽  
J. Watkins ◽  
C. Francis ◽  
M. Laverick ◽  
J. Sellwood
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Heavy Rainfall ◽  
Liquid Culture ◽  
Plaque Assay ◽  
Enteric Viruses ◽  
Enteric Virus ◽  
The Other ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Water Supplies

Two rural spring drinking water supplies were studied for their enteric virus levels. In one, serving about 30 dwellings, the water was chlorinated before distribution; in the other, which served a dairy and six dwellings the water was not treated. Samples of treated (40 l) and untreated (20 l) water were taken under normal and heavy rainfall conditions over a six weeks period and concentrated by adsorption/elution and organic flocculation. Infectious enterovirus in concentrates was detected in liquid culture and enumerated by plaque assay, both in BGM cells, and concentrates were also analysed by RT-PCR. Viruses were found in both raw water supplies. Rural supplies need to be analysed for viruses as well as bacterial and protozoan pathogens if the full microbial hazard is to be determined.

Monitoring the marine environment for small round structured viruses (SRSVS): a new approach to combating the transmission of these viruses by molluscan shellfish

1998 ◽  
Vol 38 (12) ◽  
pp. 51-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Henshilwood ◽  
J. Green ◽  
D. N. Lees
Keyword(s):  
Enteric Virus ◽  
Winter Period ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Cloning And Sequencing ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Human Enteric Virus ◽  
Different Strains ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Public Health Protection

This study investigates human enteric virus contamination of a shellfish harvesting area. Samples were analysed over a 14-month period for Small Round Structured Viruses (SRSVs) using a previously developed nested RT-PCR. A clear seasonal difference was observed with the largest numbers of positive samples obtained during the winter period (October to March). This data concurs with the known winter association of gastroenteric illness due to oyster consumption in the UK and also with the majority of the outbreaks associated with shellfish harvested from this area during the study period. RT-PCR positive amplicons were further characterised by cloning and sequencing. Sequence analysis of the positive samples identified eleven SRSV strains, of both Genogroup I and Genogroup II, occurring throughout the study period. Many shellfish samples contained a mixture of strains with a few samples containing up to three different strains with both Genogroups represented. The observed common occurrence of strain mixtures may have implications for the role of shellfish as a vector for dissemination of SRSV strains. These results show that nested RT-PCR can identify SRSV contamination in shellfish harvesting areas. Virus monitoring of shellfish harvesting areas by specialist laboratories using RT-PCR is a possible approach to combating the transmission of SRSVs by molluscan shellfish and could potentially offer significantly enhanced levels of public health protection.

scholarly journals Clarification Processes of Orange Prickly Pear Juice (Opuntia spp.) by Microfiltration

Membranes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 354
Author(s):  
Jaime A. Arboleda Mejia ◽  
Jorge Yáñez-Fernandez
Keyword(s):  
Suspended Solids ◽  
Cross Flow ◽  
Laboratory Scale ◽  
Prickly Pear ◽  
Permeate Flux ◽  
Color Properties ◽  
Pear Juice ◽  
Opuntia Spp

In this study, fresh orange prickly pear juice (Opuntia spp.) was clarified by a cross-flow microfiltration (MF) process on a laboratory scale. The viability of the process—in terms of productivity (permeate flux of 77.80 L/h) and the rejection of selected membranes towards specific compounds—was analyzed. The quality of the clarified juice was also analyzed for total antioxidants (TEAC), betalains content (mg/100 g wet base), turbidity (NTU) and colorimetry parameters (L, a*, b*, Croma and H). The MF process permitted an excellent level of clarification, reducing the suspended solids and turbidity of the fresh juice. In the clarified juice, a decrease in total antioxidants (2.03 TEAC) and betalains content (4.54 mg/100 g wet basis) was observed as compared to the fresh juice. Furthermore, there were significant changes in color properties due to the effects of the L, a*, b*, C and h° values after removal of turbidity of the juice. The turbidity also decreased (from 164.33 to 0.37 NTU).

scholarly journals Assessing the Occurrence of Waterborne Viruses in Reuse Systems: Analytical Limits and Needs

Pathogens ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles P. Gerba ◽  
Walter Q. Betancourt
Keyword(s):  
Cell Culture ◽  
Virus Detection ◽  
Enteric Viruses ◽  
Enteric Virus ◽  
Culture Cell ◽  
Virus Infectivity ◽  
Recycled Water ◽  
Chemical Additives ◽  
Potable Reuse ◽  
Passage Number

Detection of waterborne enteric viruses is an essential tool in assessing the risk of waterborne transmission. Cell culture is considered a gold standard for detection of these viruses. However, it is important to recognize the uncertainty and limitations of enteric virus detection in cell culture. Cell culture cannot support replication of all virus types and strains, and numerous factors control the efficacy of specific virus detection assays, including chemical additives, cell culture passage number, and sequential passage of a sample in cell culture. These factors can result in a 2- to 100-fold underestimation of virus infectivity. Molecular methods reduce the time for detection of viruses and are useful for detection of those that do not produce cytopathogenic effects. The usefulness of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to access virus infectivity has been demonstrated for only a limited number of enteric viruses and is limited by an understanding of the mechanism of virus inactivation. All of these issues are important to consider when assessing waterborne infectious viruses and expected goals on virus reductions needed for recycled water. The use of safety factors to account for this may be useful to ensure that the risks in drinking water and recycled water for potable reuse are minimized.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Human Enteric Viruses in Surface Water and Drinking Water Resources in Southern Ghana

2011 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristen E. Gibson ◽  
Yayi Guo ◽  
James T. Schissler ◽  
Melissa C. Opryszko ◽  
Kellogg J. Schwab
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Enteric Viruses ◽  
Drinking Water Resources ◽  
Human Enteric Viruses ◽  
Southern Ghana

Virus occurrence in municipal groundwater sources in Quebec, Canada

2007 ◽  
Vol 53 (6) ◽  
pp. 688-694 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annie Locas ◽  
Christine Barthe ◽  
Benoit Barbeau ◽  
Annie Carrière ◽  
Pierre Payment
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Sampling Site ◽  
Enteric Viruses ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Total Coliforms ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Historic Data ◽  
Human Enteric Viruses

A 1 year study was undertaken on groundwater that was a source of drinking water in the province of Quebec, Canada. Twelve municipal wells (raw water) were sampled monthly during a 1 year period, for a total of 160 samples. Using historic data, the 12 sites were categorized into 3 groups: group A (no known contamination), group B (sporadically contaminated by total coliforms), and group C (historic and continuous contamination by total coliforms and (or) fecal coliforms). Bacterial indicators (total coliform, Escherichia coli , enteroccoci), viral indicators (somatic and male-specific coliphages), total culturable human enteric viruses, and noroviruses were analyzed at every sampling site. Total coliforms were the best indicator of microbial degradation, and coliform bacteria were always present at the same time as human enteric viruses. Two samples contained human enteric viruses but no fecal pollution indicators (E. coli, enterococci, or coliphages), suggesting the limited value of these microorganisms in predicting the presence of human enteric viruses in groundwater. Our results underline the value of historic data in assessing the vulnerability of a well on the basis of raw water quality and in detecting degradation of the source. This project allowed us to characterize the microbiologic and virologic quality of groundwater used as municipal drinking water sources in Quebec.

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