scholarly journals The model binary/ternary mixtures for actual EPS solution extracted from the activated sludge in MBR using dead-end membrane filtration cell

2017 ◽  
Vol 77 (4) ◽  
pp. 1015-1026 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuang Zhao ◽  
Longyue Shi ◽  
Yu Ma ◽  
Zhan Wang
Keyword(s):  
Ternary Mixture ◽  
Polyvinylidene Fluoride ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Extracellular Polymeric Substances ◽  
Binary Solution ◽  
Ternary Mixtures ◽  
Accurate Estimation ◽  
Dead End ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Specific Cake Resistance

Abstract In order to find a model solution to simulate actual extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) solution in terms of filterability behavior, a series of experiments were conducted in a dead-end unstirred cell with 0.1 μm polyvinylidene fluoride membranes using binary/ternary mixtures consisting of sodium alginate (SA), bovine serum albumin (BSA) and humic acid (HA). Three target parameters (cumulative filtrate volume (CFV), specific cake resistance (αc) and rejection (R)) were compared and the roles of mixture components were investigated. The order of degree of influence on CFV, αc and R in ternary mixture was SA (94.5%, 85.6% and 88.2%, respectively) > BSA (5.2%, 10.3% and 8.0%) > HA (0.3%, 4.1% and 3.8%). Meanwhile, when the composition of ternary mixture was SA/BSA/HA = 285.1/150.1/10.2 mg·L−1, the deviation for CFV, αc and R was 7.65%, 19.6% and 7.27%, respectively, while the corresponding values for the most suitable binary solution (SA/BSA = 140.4/50.35 mg·L−1) were −12%, 1% and 164% respectively. This indicated that the ternary solution demonstrated a more accurate estimation than the binary solution for imitating the filterability of actual EPS solution. Therefore, the ternary mixture could be employed efficiently to replace the actual EPS solution in terms of three target parameters in practice applications.

The accurate estimation of physicochemical properties of ternary mixtures containing ionic liquids via artificial neural networks

2015 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 4533-4537 ◽  
Author(s):  
John C. Cancilla ◽  
Pablo Díaz-Rodríguez ◽  
Gemma Matute ◽  
José S. Torrecilla
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Artificial Neural Networks ◽  
Ionic Liquids ◽  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Ternary Mixture ◽  
Ternary Mixtures ◽  
Accurate Estimation ◽  
Mathematical Tool ◽  
Artificial Neural

A graphic scheme of the mathematical tool designed is able to estimate physicochemical properties of a ternary mixture.

Filtration resistance induced by ammonia oxidizers accumulating on the rotating membrane disk

1998 ◽  
Vol 38 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 443-452
Author(s):  
Katsuki Kimura ◽  
Yoshimasa Watanabe ◽  
Naoki Ohkuma
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Extracellular Polymeric Substances ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Treatment Method ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Transmembrane Pressure ◽  
Ammonia Oxidizers ◽  
Filtration Resistance ◽  
Rotating Membrane Disk ◽  
Membrane Disk

Membrane filtration and oxidation of ammonia were simultaneously performed by using a rotating membrane disk module. Nitrification performance, composition of the accumulated cakes on the membrane and the filtration resistances were investigated under five different operating conditions. The filtration resistance due to the accumulated cake on the membrane was found to be dominant in this treatment method, compared to the resistance due to the micropore plugging or irreversible adherence. The cake consisted mainly of iron, humic substances and bacteria. The possibility that extracellular polymeric substances were related to the cake resistance was also shown. The composition of the cake depended on the length and the condition of operation. Accumulation of ammonia oxidizers caused by oxidation of low concentrations of ammonia (less than 1 mg/l) did not increase transmembrane pressure significantly. Therefore, the application of this treatment method for drinking water treatment is feasible. Filtration resistance due to the micropore plugging or irreversible adherence to the membrane was caused by organic substances.

scholarly journals Potential Pitfalls in Membrane Fouling Evaluation: Merits of Data Representation as Resistance Instead of Flux Decline in Membrane Filtration

Membranes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 460
Author(s):  
Bastiaan Blankert ◽  
Bart Van der Bruggen ◽  
Amy E. Childress ◽  
Noreddine Ghaffour ◽  
Johannes S. Vrouwenvelder
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Fouling ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Data Representation ◽  
Strong Impact ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Permeable Membrane ◽  
Dead End ◽  
Flux Decline ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Filtration Flux

The manner in which membrane-fouling experiments are conducted and how fouling performance data are represented have a strong impact on both how the data are interpreted and on the conclusions that may be drawn. We provide a couple of examples to prove that it is possible to obtain misleading conclusions from commonly used representations of fouling data. Although the illustrative example revolves around dead-end ultrafiltration, the underlying principles are applicable to a wider range of membrane processes. When choosing the experimental conditions and how to represent fouling data, there are three main factors that should be considered: (I) the foulant mass is principally related to the filtered volume; (II) the filtration flux can exacerbate fouling effects (e.g., concentration polarization and cake compression); and (III) the practice of normalization, as in dividing by an initial value, disregards the difference in driving force and divides the fouling effect by different numbers. Thus, a bias may occur that favors the experimental condition with the lower filtration flux and the less-permeable membrane. It is recommended to: (I) avoid relative fouling performance indicators, such as relative flux decline (J/J0); (II) use resistance vs. specific volume; and (III) use flux-controlled experiments for fouling performance evaluation.

Plasma fractionation by dead-end membrane filtration: Effects of membrane properties and plasma flux1

Biorheology ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 28 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 27-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Charcosset ◽  
L.R. Ding ◽  
M.Y. Jaffrin
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Membrane Properties ◽  
Dead End

Membrane filtration of wastewater effluents for reuse: effluent organic matter rejection and fouling

2001 ◽  
Vol 43 (10) ◽  
pp. 225-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Jarusutthirak ◽  
G. Amy
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Effluent Organic Matter ◽  
Dead End ◽  
Flux Decline ◽  
Uf Membranes ◽  
Stirred Cell ◽  
Filtration Unit

The reuse of treated wastewater to augment natural drinking water supplies is receiving serious consideration. Treatment of secondary and tertiary effluent by membrane filtration was investigated by assessing nanofiltration (NF) membrane and ultrafiltration (UF) membranes in bench-scale experiments. It was found that secondary and tertiary effluent contained high concentration of effluent organic matter (EfOM), contributing EfOM-related fouling. Flux decline and EfOM rejection tests were evaluated, using a dead-end stirred cell filtration unit. Surface charge and molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) of membranes were significant factors in membrane performance including permeability and EfOM-rejection.

scholarly journals Synthesis of Ternary Homogeneous Azeotropic Distillation Sequences: 2. Flowsheet Identification

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 43
Author(s):  
Sutijan Sutijan ◽  
Megan Jobson ◽  
Robin Smith
Keyword(s):  
Classification System ◽  
Ternary Mixture ◽  
Azeotropic Distillation ◽  
Ternary Mixtures ◽  
Boundary Crossing ◽  
New Classification ◽  
Azeotropic Mixtures ◽  
Systematic Methodology ◽  
Pressure Swing ◽  
Pressure Swing Distillation

This paper presents a systematic methodology for flowsheet generation for separating binary azeotropic mixtures using homogeneous azeotropic distillation. A new classification system for ternary mixtures using ‘standard distillation line maps’ defined in Sutijan et al. (2012) is employed. The new characterisation system is able to link candidate entrainers to flowsheet structures which can facilitate the separation. The sequences considered include pressure-swing distillation, two and three-column flowsheets with or without boundary crossing and the use of single and double-feed columns. For a given ternary mixture, suitable flowsheet structures that can facilitate the separation can be automatically identified. The method is illustrated using examples.

Numerical Analysis of Ludwig-Soret Effect of One Binary Mixture and Two Ternary Mixtures in an Al2O3 Porous Cavity

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. J. Jaber ◽  
M. Z. Saghir
Keyword(s):  
Porous Medium ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Numerical Analysis ◽  
Binary Mixture ◽  
Ternary Mixture ◽  
Soret Effect ◽  
Ternary Mixtures ◽  
Thermosolutal Convection ◽  
Left Wall ◽  
Porous Cavity

A cavity of 10 mm in width, 10 mm in height, and 32.1 mm in horizontal length filled with Al2O3 porous medium designed in Pau project to investigate thermal diffusion phenomena, or Ludwig-Soret effect. A lateral heating condition was applied with 10 °C at the left wall and 50 °C at the right wall. The thermosolutal convection of a binary mixture of water-ethanol at 75.0 MPa pressure, a ternary mixture with methane, n-butane, and n-dodecan at 35.0 MPa pressure, and a ternary mixture of n-dodecane, isobutylbenzene, and tetrahydonaphthalene at atmosphere pressure inside the Al2O3 porous medium cavity were numerically investigated. The thermal conductivity and the permeability of Al2O3 porous medium on the Ludwig-Soret effect were analyzed, the former had little influence, but the later had strong impact on the compositional separation at the steady state of thermosolutal convection, which were analyzed globally with separation ratio. The distributions of component mole fraction(s) on the horizontal and vertical lines in the center of the porous cavity were also shown to study the details of the compositional separation at the steady state of thermosolutal convection. Recommendations are made for the experimental design based on the results of numerical analysis

scholarly journals Simultaneous Determination of Ternary Mixture of Carboxin, Chlorpyrifos, and Tebuconazole Residues in Cabbage Samples Using Three Spectrophotometric Methods

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shilan A. Omer ◽  
Nabil A. Fakhre
Keyword(s):  
Simultaneous Determination ◽  
Ternary Mixture ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Ternary Mixtures ◽  
Simultaneous Estimation ◽  
Great Success ◽  
Determination Limit ◽  
Spectrophotometric Methods ◽  
Relative Standard

Three simple precise and accurate spectrophotometric methods are developed for simultaneous determination of ternary mixtures of carboxin, chlorpyrifos, and tebuconazole residues in cabbage grown in the experimental field. The first method is a double divisor-ratio spectra derivative that relies on the derivative of ratio spectra and attained through dividing the absorption spectra of the ternary mixture by the sum of standard spectrum of a mixture of two from three components, using methanol as a solvent and measuring CAR at 242 nm, CHL at 236 nm, 276 nm, and 300 nm, and TEB at 226 nm. The second method is a successive derivative of ratio spectra which determined CAR at 256 nm and 258 nm, CHL at 290 nm and 292 nm, and TEB at 226 nm and 228 nm. The third method is a mean centering of ratio spectra where CAR, CHL, and TEB were measured at 306 nm, 280 nm, and 240 nm, respectively. These procedures do not involve any previous separation. The extraction of analytes was carried out by using acetonitrile, and the procedure of purification was fulfilled by dispersive solid-phase extraction with a primary-secondary amine (PSA). The proposed methods showed excellent linearity range for three spectrophotometric methods over the concentration ranges of 1–30 μg/mL, 1–50 μg/mL, and 1–45 μg/mL for carboxin, chlorpyrifos, and tebuconazole, respectively. The analytical characteristics such as detection limit, determination limit, relative standard deviation, and accuracy of the three methods were performed. The limits of detection were in the range of 0.153–0.260 μg/mL for carboxin, 0.137–0.272 μg/mL for chlorpyrifos, and 0.109–0.205 μg/mL for tebuconazole with limits of quantification lower than 0.790, 0.824, and 0.621 μg/mL for CAR, CHL, and TEB, respectively. The recoveries ranged from 87.02% to 94.53% for carboxin, 92.32% to 108.53% for chlorpyrifos, and 87.19% to 98.00% for tebuconazole with relative standard deviations less than 5.91%, 5.99%, and 5.53% in all instances for carboxin, chlorpyrifos, and tebuconazole, respectively. The results obtained from the proposed methods were compared statistically by using one-way ANOVA, and the results revealed that there were no significant differences between three different spectrophotometric methods. The suggested methods can be applied with great success to the simultaneous estimation of carboxin, chlorpyrifos, and tebuconazole residues in cabbage samples.

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