Determination of greenhouse gas emission reductions from sewage sludge anaerobic digestion in China

2015 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 137-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.-T. Liu ◽  
X.-J. Kong ◽  
G.-D. Zheng ◽  
C.-C. Chen
Keyword(s):  
Anaerobic Digestion ◽  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Waste Treatment ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emission ◽  
Southern China ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Northern China ◽  
Ghg Emission ◽  
Ghg Reduction

Sewage sludge is a considerable source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emission in the field of organic solid waste treatment and disposal. In this case study, total GHG emissions from sludge anaerobic digestion, including direct and indirect emissions as well as replaceable emission reduction due to biogas being reused instead of natural gas, were quantified respectively. The results indicated that no GHG generation needed to be considered during the anaerobic digestion process. Indirect emissions were mainly from electricity and fossil fuel consumption on-site and sludge transportation. Overall, the total GHG emission owing to relative subtraction from anaerobic digestion rather than landfill, and replaceable GHG reduction caused by reuse of its product of biogas, were quantified to be 0.7214 (northern China) or 0.7384 (southern China) MgCO2 MgWS−1 (wet sludge).

The potential of bio-methane as bio-fuel/bio-energy for reducing greenhouse gas emissions: a qualitative assessment for Europe in a life cycle perspective

2008 ◽  
Vol 57 (11) ◽  
pp. 1683-1692 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Tilche ◽  
Michele Galatola
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Anaerobic Digestion ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Industrial Wastewater ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Energy Crops ◽  
Qualitative Assessment ◽  
Potential Contribution ◽  
Ghg Reduction

Anaerobic digestion is a well known process that (while still capable of showing new features) has experienced several waves of technological development. It was “born” as a wastewater treatment system, in the 1970s showed promise as an alternative energy source (in particular from animal waste), in the 1980s and later it became a standard for treating organic-matter-rich industrial wastewater, and more recently returned to the market for its energy recovery potential, making use of different biomasses, including energy crops. With the growing concern around global warming, this paper looks at the potential of anaerobic digestion in terms of reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The potential contribution of anaerobic digestion to GHG reduction has been computed for the 27 EU countries on the basis of their 2005 Kyoto declarations and using life cycle data. The theoretical potential contribution of anaerobic digestion to Kyoto and EU post-Kyoto targets has been calculated. Two different possible biogas applications have been considered: electricity production from manure waste, and upgraded methane production for light goods vehicles (from landfill biogas and municipal and industrial wastewater treatment sludges). The useful heat that can be produced as by-product from biogas conversion into electricity has not been taken into consideration, as its real exploitation depends on local conditions. Moreover the amount of biogas already produced via dedicated anaerobic digestion processes has also not been included in the calculations. Therefore the overall gains achievable would be even higher than those reported here. This exercise shows that biogas may considerably contribute to GHG emission reductions in particular if used as a biofuel. Results also show that its use as a biofuel may allow for true negative GHG emissions, showing a net advantage with respect to other biofuels. Considering also energy crops that will become available in the next few years as a result of Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) reform, this study shows that biogas has the potential of covering almost 50% of the 2020 biofuel target of 10% of all automotive transport fuels, without implying a change in land use. Moreover, considering the achievable GHG reductions, a very large carbon emission trading “value” could support the investment needs. However, those results were obtained through a “qualitative” assessment. In order to produce robust data for decision makers, a quantitative sustainability assessment should be carried out, integrating different methodologies within a life cycle framework. The identification of the most appropriate policy for promoting the best set of options is then discussed.

scholarly journals Economic and Environmental Optimization of the Forest Supply Chain for Timber and Bioenergy Production from Beetle-Killed Forests in Northern Colorado

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 689 ◽  
Author(s):  
She ◽  
Chung ◽  
Han
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emission ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Optimization Approach ◽  
Ghg Emission ◽  
Bioenergy Production ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Environmental Objectives ◽  
Northern Colorado

Harvesting mountain pine beetle-infested forest stands in the northern Colorado Rocky Mountains provides an opportunity to utilize otherwise wasted resources, generate net revenues, and minimize greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Timber and bioenergy production are commonly managed separately, and their integration is seldom considered. Yet, degraded wood and logging residues can provide a feedstock for bioenergy, while the sound wood from beetle-killed stands can still be used for traditional timber products. In addition, beneficial greenhouse gas emission (GHG) savings are often realized only by compromising net revenues during salvage harvest where beetle-killed wood has a relatively low market value and high harvesting cost. In this study we compared Sequential and Integrated decision-making scenarios for managing the supply chain from beetle-killed forest salvage operations. In the Sequential scenario, timber and bioenergy production was managed sequentially in two separate processes, where salvage harvest was conducted without considering influences on or from bioenergy production. Biomass availability was assessed next as an outcome from timber production managed to produce bioenergy products. In the Integrated scenario, timber and bioenergy production were managed jointly, where collective decisions were made regarding tree salvage harvest, residue treatment, and bioenergy product selection and production. We applied a multi-objective optimization approach to integrate the economic and environmental objectives of producing timber and bioenergy, and measured results by total net revenues and total net GHG emission savings, respectively. The optimization model results show that distinctively different decisions are made in selecting the harvesting system and residue treatment under the two scenarios. When the optimization is fully economic-oriented, 49.6% more forest areas are harvested under the Integrated scenario than the Sequential scenario, generating 12.3% more net revenues and 50.5% more net GHG emission savings. Comparison of modelled Pareto fronts also indicate the Integrated decision scenario provides more efficient trade-offs between the two objectives and performs better than the Sequential scenario in both objectives.

scholarly journals Greenhouse Gas Emission Reductions by Reusing and Recycling Used Clothing in Japan

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (19) ◽  
pp. 8214
Author(s):  
Toshiro Semba ◽  
Yuji Sakai ◽  
Miku Ishikawa ◽  
Atsushi Inaba
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emission ◽  
Fiber Type ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Chemical Recycling ◽  
Fiber Types ◽  
Ghg Emission ◽  
Emission Reductions ◽  
Carbon Neutrality ◽  
Textile Recycling

According to the Ellen MacArthur Foundation, 73% of used clothing is landfilled or incinerated globally and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from fabric manufacturing in 2015 amounted to 1.2 billion tons. It must be reduced in the future, especially by reusing and recycling used clothing. Based on this perspective, researchers calculated the energy consumption and GHG emissions associated with reusing and recycling used clothing globally with a life cycle assessment (LCA). However, no study was conducted so far to estimate the total GHG emission reductions in Japan by reusing and recycling used clothing. In this study, the amount of used clothing currently discharged from households as combustible and noncombustible waste and their fiber types were estimated using literature. Then, the methods for reusing and recycling of used clothing were categorized into the following 5 types based on fiber type, that is, “reuse overseas,” “textile recycling to wipers,” “fiber recycling,” “chemical recycling” and “thermal recycling.” After that, by applying LCA, the GHG emission reductions by above 5 methods were estimated, based on the annual discharged weights of each fiber type. Consequently, the total GHG emissions reductions by reusing and recycling 6.03 × 108 kg of used clothing totally were estimated around 6.60 × 109 kg CO2e, to range between 6.57 × 109 kg CO2e and 6.64 × 109 kg CO2e, which depended on the type of “chemical recycling.” The largest contribution was “reuse overseas,” which was 4.01 × 109 kg CO2e corresponded to approximately 60% of the total reduction. Where, it was assumed that used clothing were exported from Japan to Malaysia which was currently the largest importing country. In this case, GHG emissions to manufacture new clothing in China, the largest country currently to export them to Japan, can be avoided, which are 29.4 kg CO2e and 32.5 kg CO2e respectively for 1 kg jeans and 1 kg T-shirts. Adding the GHG emissions for overseas transportation to this, on average, 32.0 kg CO2e per kg of used clothing was reduced by “reuse overseas,” which was 19.6 times larger than GHG emissions by incineration, 1.63 kg CO2e per kg, in which carbon neutrality for cotton was not counted. As the result, the total GHG emission reductions above mentioned, around 6.60 × 109 kg CO2e, corresponds to 70% of the GHG emissions by incineration of total household garbage in Japan.

Greenhouse gas emission reductions in subtropical cereal-based cropping sequences using legumes, DMPP-coated urea and split timings of urea application

Soil Research ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 56 (7) ◽  
pp. 724 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graeme D. Schwenke ◽  
Philippa M. Brock ◽  
Bruce M. Haigh ◽  
David F. Herridge
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emission ◽  
Nitrification Inhibitor ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Life Cycle Assessments ◽  
Ch4 Emissions ◽  
Ghg Reduction ◽  
Coated Urea ◽  
On Farm

To contribute to national greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) reduction targets, grain growers need strategies that minimise emissions associated with grain production. We used life cycle assessments (LCAs) with field-measured production inputs, grain yields and proteins, legume nitrogen (N2) fixation, and soil nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4) emissions, to explore mitigation strategies in 3-year crop sequences in subtropical Australia. The sequences were: canola plus 80 kg/ha fertiliser nitrogen (80N)–wheat 85N–barley 65N (CaNWtNBaN), chickpea 0N–wheat 85N–barley 5N (CpWtNBa), chickpea 0N–wheat 5N–chickpea 5N (CpWtCp), and chickpea 0N–sorghum 45N (CpSgN). We also assessed the impacts of split fertiliser N application and urea coated with DMPP, a nitrification inhibitor, on the LCA for the CaNWtNBaN sequence. Total pre-farm plus on-farm GHG emissions varied between 915 CO2-e/ha (CpSgN) and 1890 CO2-e/ha (CaNWtNBaN). Cumulative N2O emitted over the 3-year study varied between 0.479 kg N2O-N/ha (CpWtCp) and 1.400 kg N2O-N/ha (CaNWtNBaN), which constituted 24–44% of total GHG emissions. Fertiliser production accounted for 20% (CpSgN) to 30% (CaNWtNBaN) of total emissions. An extra 4.7 kg CO2-e/ha was emitted for each additional kg N/ha of applied N fertiliser. Three-year CH4 emissions ranged from −1.04 to −0.98 kg CH4-C/ha. Split N and DMPP strategies could reduce total GHG emissions of CaNWtNBaN by 17 and 28% respectively. Results of the study indicate considerable scope for reducing the carbon footprint of subtropical, dryland grains cropping in Australia.

scholarly journals Assessing farmers' contribution to greenhouse gas emission and the impact of adopting climate-smart agriculture on mitigation

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Ayeah Israel ◽  
Joseph Amikuzuno ◽  
Gideon Danso-Abbeam
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emission ◽  
Smallholder Farmers ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Northern Ghana ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
Ghg Emission ◽  
Adaptation To Climate Change ◽  
Generalized Poisson ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background The adoption of climate-smart agricultural (CSA) practices is expected to improve farmers’ adaptation to climate change and also increase yields while simultaneously curbing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This paper explores the determinants of smallholder farmers’ participation in GHG-emitting activities. It also estimates the impact of CSA activities on reducing GHG emissions. Methods The findings are based on survey data obtained from 350 smallholder farmers in the East Gonja district of Northern Ghana. We adopted the generalized Poisson regression model in identifying factors influencing farmers’ participation in the GHG emission practices and inverse-probability-weighted regression adjustment (IPWRA) to estimate the impact of CSA adoption on GHG emissions. Results Most farming households engaged in at least one emission activity. The findings of the generalized Poisson model found that wealthier households, higher education, and households with access to extension services were less likely to participate in GHG emission activities. There was also evidence that CSA adoption significantly reduces GHG emissions. Conclusion Advocacy in CSA adoption could be a necessary condition for environmental protection through the reduction of GHG emissions.

A Backward Scenario Planning Overview of the Greenhouse Gas Emission in Iran by the End of the Sixth Progress Plan

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-35
Author(s):  
Nima Norouzi ◽  
Mohammad Ali Dehghani
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emission ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Management Plan ◽  
Scenario Planning ◽  
Ghg Emission ◽  
Gas Emission ◽  
Foreign Policies ◽  
Development Plans

Taking Iran as the 7th Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emission source of the world, the country contains a high potential for the emission management plans and studies. As the economy is a significant factor in the greenhouse gas emission, studying the economy and GHG emission integrated relations must be taken into account of every climate change and environmental management plan. This paper investigates the relationships among the economic, demographic, foreign policies, and many other domestic and foreign parameters, which are illustrated by sixth Iranian document over development and GHG emission in three progress scenarios made for this plan. In this paper, all the significant GHG emissions such as CO<sub>2</sub>, SO<sub>2</sub>, NO<sub>x</sub>, hydrocarbons, and CO in the period of 2014-2020 are being studied. As the results show, the number of emissions is directly related to domestic and foreign parameters, which means a better economic status in Iran causes an increase in the number of emissions. The foreign policies are more effective in the Iranian economy and emissions than the domestic policies and parameters. The scenarios and the results show that the Iranian economy and energy systems have a significant potential for efficiency development plans. However, one thing is clear that Iranian emissions will be increased to 800 million tons by the end of the plan period (by 2021). This significant increase in the amount indicates the importance of optimization and efficiency development plans in Iran, which is predicted to control and fix this increment around 3-4%.

scholarly journals Smart Approaches to Food Waste Final Disposal

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (16) ◽  
pp. 2860 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franco Cecchi ◽  
Cristina Cavinato
Keyword(s):  
Anaerobic Digestion ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Food Waste ◽  
Waste Treatment ◽  
Biogas Production ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Renewable Resource ◽  
Wide Availability ◽  
Anaerobic Codigestion ◽  
Suitable Treatment

Food waste, among the organic wastes, is one of the most promising substrates to be used as a renewable resource. Wide availability of food waste and the high greenhouse gas impacts derived from its inappropriate disposal, boost research through food waste valorization. Several innovative technologies are applied nowadays, mainly focused on bioenergy and bioresource recovery, within a circular economy approach. Nevertheless, food waste treatment should be evaluated in terms of sustainability and considering the availability of an optimized separate collection and a suitable treatment facility. Anaerobic codigestion of waste-activated sludge with food waste is a way to fully utilize available anaerobic digestion plants, increasing biogas production, energy, and nutrient recovery and reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Codigestion implementation in Europe is explored and discussed in this paper, taking into account different food waste collection approaches in relation to anaerobic digestion treatment and confirming the sustainability of the anaerobic process based on case studies. Household food waste disposal implementation is also analyzed, and the results show that such a waste management system is able to reduce GHG emissions due to transport reduction and increase wastewater treatment performance.

scholarly journals The Role of Anaerobic Digestion in Reducing Dairy Farm Greenhouse Gas Emissions

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 2612
Author(s):  
Alun Scott ◽  
Richard Blanchard
Keyword(s):  
Anaerobic Digestion ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Dairy Farm ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Farming System ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Ghg Reduction ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
The Impact

Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from dairy farms are significant contributors to global warming. However, much of the published work on GHG reduction is focused on either methane (CH4) or nitrous oxide (N2O), with few, if any, considering the interactions that changes to farming systems can have on both gases. This paper takes the raw data from a year of activity on a 300-cow commercial dairy farm in Northern Ireland to more accurately quantify GHG sources by use of a simple predictive model based on IPCC methodology. Differing herd management policies are examined together with the impact of integrating anaerobic digestion (AD) into each farming system. Whilst significant success can be predicted in capturing CH4 and carbon dioxide (CO2) as biogas and preventing N2O emissions, gains made can be lost in a subsequent process, negating some or all of the advantage. The process of extracting value from the captured resource is discussed in light of current farm parameters together with indications of other potential revenue streams. However, this study has concluded that despite the significant potential for GHG reduction, there is little incentive for widespread adoption of manure-based farm-scale AD in the UK at this time.

scholarly journals Comparison of GHG Emission Methods Calculated by Applying Biomass Fraction at Sewage Sludge Incinerators in Korea

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 3419
Author(s):  
Seongmin Kang ◽  
Sungheum Cho ◽  
Ki-Hyun Kim ◽  
Eui-chan Jeon
Keyword(s):  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Flue Gas ◽  
Co2 Emission ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Gas Analysis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Ghg Emission ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Emission Estimation

In this study, greenhouse gas (GHG) differences due to the application of biomass content are compared at a sewage sludge incinerator. The result of the comparison shows that the differences between the methods of GHG emission estimation based on biomass fraction analysis (sewage sludge analysis and sewage sludge flue gas analysis) were not substantial. On the other hand, the GHG emission estimated from the method in this study showed a difference of 8–9 ton CO2eq/day from the currently used method in Korea. This implies that the latter underestimates the GHG emissions because CO2 emission was not taken into account upon estimating the GHG emission from sewage sludge. Therefore, it has been determined that, from now on, emissions due to CO2 should be reflected in the estimation of GHG emission from sewage sludge.

scholarly journals Greenhouse Gas Emission Intensity Assessment for Power Plants in Peninsular Malaysia

2021 ◽  
Vol 88 (2) ◽  
pp. 14-26
Author(s):  
Sazalina Zakaria ◽  
Radin Diana R. Ahmad ◽  
Ahmad Rosly Abbas ◽  
Mohd Faizal Mohideen Batcha
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Emission Intensity ◽  
Emission Reduction ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emission ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Peninsular Malaysia ◽  
Ghg Emission ◽  
Reduction Strategies ◽  
Emission Reduction Strategies

The power sector has been playing a vital role in the industrialization, societal and economic development of a nation. In Malaysia, the total power generation for 2014 is 147,480GWh and eventually accounts for 54% of total carbon emissions for that year alone. A study was conducted to quantify the greenhouse gas emission from stationary combustion from several power plants in Peninsular Malaysia, followed by proposal for the emission reduction strategies. For the GHG emissions assessment, the Greenhouse Gas Protocol: A Corporate Accounting and Reporting Standard and Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) methodologies was adopted. Based on this study, the highest GHG emission intensity were from coal power plants which ranged from 0.67 – 0.85 tCO2/ MWh. The GHG emission intensity for natural gas power plants ranged from 0.38 – 0.78 tCO2/ MWh. The overall GHG emission intensity for all power plants studied was estimated to be 0.54 tCO2/ MWh. The large variations in CO2 emissions per MWh of electricity generated in fossil fuel power plants were due to differences in generation efficiency, fuel selection, technology, and plant age. In supporting Malaysia’s conditional commitment of 45% GHG emissions intensity reduction target against the country’s GDP, the emission reduction strategies up to 2025 were assessed using three key scenarios namely Business-As-Usual (BAU), Planning (PLAN) and Ambitious (AMB). Based on the analysis, the projection indicates that the emissions intensity for the power sector is about 0.79 tCO2/ MWh, 0.49 tCO2/ MWh, and 0.44 tCO2/ MWh under the BAU, PLN AMB scenarios respectively. Finally, GHG emission reduction potentials were also outlined in this paper.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document