Electrochemical removal of sulfate from petroleum produced water

2015 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 284-292 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pratiksha Jain ◽  
Mohita Sharma ◽  
Manoj Kumar ◽  
Prem Dureja ◽  
M. P. Singh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Produced Water ◽  
Anaerobic Fermentation ◽  
Petroleum Industry ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Oil Field ◽  
Synthetic Wastewater ◽  
Second Step ◽  
Sulfate Removal ◽  
Electrochemical Removal

Petroleum produced water (PPW) is a waste-stream that entails huge cost on the petroleum industry. Along with other suspended and dissolved solids, it contains sulfate, which is a major hurdle for its alternative use intended toward enhanced oil recovery. This study proposes a two-step process for sulfate removal from PPW. A synthetic PPW was designed for the study using response surface methodology. During the first step, sulfate present in PPW was reduced to sulfide by anaerobic fermentation with 80% efficiency. In the second step, more than 70% of the accumulated sulfide was electrochemically oxidized. This integrated approach successfully removed sulfate from the synthetic wastewater indicating its applicability in the treatment of PPW and its subsequent applications in other oil field operations.

Desalination of Produced Water of Asab Oil Field Abu-Dhabi to Enhance its Oil Recovery and Water Injectivity

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilyas Khurshid ◽  
Md Monwar Hossain ◽  
Abdulrahman Alraeesi ◽  
Ameera Fares ◽  
Fatima Albalushi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Produced Water ◽  
Oil Field ◽  
Abu Dhabi

scholarly journals Review of Oilfield Chemicals Used in Oil and Gas Industry

2021 ◽  
pp. 8-24
Author(s):  
M. Chukunedum Onojake ◽  
T. Angela Waka
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Crude Oil ◽  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Petroleum Industry ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Oil Field ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Oilfield Chemicals

The petroleum industry includes the global processes of exploration, extraction, refining, transportation and marketing of natural gas, crude oil and refined petroleum products. The oil industry demands more sophisticated methods for the exploitation of petroleum. As a result, the use of oil field chemicals is becoming increasingly important and has received much attention in recent years due to the vast role they play in the recovery of hydrocarbons which has enormous  commercial benefits. The three main sectors of the petroleum industry are Upstream, Midstream and Downstream. The Upstream deals with exploration and the subsequent production (drilling of exploration wells to recover oil and gas). In the Midstream sector, petroleum produced is transported through pipelines as natural gas, crude oil, and natural gas liquids. Downstream sector is basically involved in the processing of the raw materials obtained from the Upstream sector. The operations comprises of refining of crude oil, processing and purifying of natural gas. Oil field chemicals offers exceptional applications in these sectors with wide range of applications in operations such as improved oil recovery, drilling optimization, corrosion protection, mud loss prevention, drilling fluid stabilization in high pressure and high temperature environment, and many others. Application of a wide range of oilfield chemicals is therefore essential to rectify issues and concerns which may arise from oil and gas operational activities. This review intends to highlight some of the oil field chemicals and  their positive applications in the oil and gas Industries.

Migration of Clay in Flows of Oil-Water Mixtures Through Sand Filters

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. R. Patel ◽  
G. G. Chase
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Aqueous Phase ◽  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Produced Water ◽  
Petroleum Industry ◽  
Phase Flow ◽  
Sand Filters ◽  
Sand Filter ◽  
Clay Particles ◽  
Secondary Oil Recovery

Abstract One of the most crucial problems that the petroleum industry has been facing for quite some time, is the damage done to the sandstone formations by the produced water that is pumped into the ground during secondary oil recovery. The drastic reduction in permeability of these sandstone beds due to the water-shock, is a great concern in petroleum industry. The changes in produced water composition has made secondary oil recovery difficult. The decreasing permeability of the bed, increases the pumping and equipment cost to a great extent. The control of clay release is essential to the economic and effective operations in many oil fields. The main topic of this research is the effect of electrolytic composition in produced water on the clay particles pumped into sandstone formations or through sand-filters. Earlier studies [1–5] have revealed that high pH and low salt concentrations of water lead to release of clay from sand-grains. Also, there might be some clay particles injected into the ground with the produced water. These injected clays get captured by the sandstone bed. Both the release and capture of clays changes the porosity of bed and the surface area of sandstone particles and thus, reduces the permeability of the bed drastically. This paper just presents the experimental work done to predict the release of indigenous clay in the sand filter in aqueous phase flow. Future work will concentrate more on actual filtration experiments to release of indigenous clays and capture of injected clays in aqueous phase flow and the release-capture phenomena in two phase flows as well. In produced water operations, oil companies need to remove particles from the injection water to avoid formation damage. Consolidated Sand Cartridge filters are an inexpensive alternative compared to tradition means of filtering the particles. This work demonstrates the capability and advantages of these filters. The filter has properties similar to that of sandstone and so, results of clay migration study for the filter may be similar to sandstone bed as well. The Consolidated Sand filter is superior compared to conventional cylindrical sand filters in that its outer surface is expanded out into a six-lobe geometry with a larger surface area for filtration. Hence higher flow rates are achieved through the filter at a given pressure drop and the life of filter increases. Also, it has a glue bound sand structure which reduces the release of clay compared to the conventional sand filters. However, the disadvantage of the filter is that it is bulky and heavy and it adds to the disposal cost for the user. This work serves the dual purpose of characterizing the consolidated sand cartridge filter and also, studying the phenomena of clay release and capture in the sand filter to determine the optimum combination of pH and salt-concentration for minimal permeability loss. The phenomenon of clay release and capture is explained on basis of zeta potential of the particles, which characterize the surface charge of the particles.

scholarly journals Separation of oil-in-water emulsion using slotted pore membrane

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 57
Author(s):  
P.D. Sutrisna ◽  
F.S. Lingganingrum ◽  
I.G. Wenten
Keyword(s):  
Pore Size ◽  
Oil Recovery ◽  
High Stability ◽  
Produced Water ◽  
Petroleum Industry ◽  
Water Emulsion ◽  
Oil In Water ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Oil In Water Emulsion ◽  
Oil Filtration

Nowadays, oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion has become an important topic in many industries. Petroleum industry is one of these industries. O/W emulsion produced in crude oil recovery causes problems at different stages in petroleum industry. Produced water can not be injected again into the well, because it contains high concentrations of oil, grease and suspended particles. Recently, membrane technology has been applied in separation of O/W emulsion. One membrane that has been developed special for oil filtration is slotted true surface filter. This research investigated influences of pore size and initial concentration of feed emulsion during oil filtration using slotted pore membrane. From the experiment, oil rejection will be higher if we use membrane with smaller pore size, emulsion with high stability and small trans membrane pressure. Based on the slot width it can be concluded that 33 microns membrane gives better oil rejection than 80 microns membrane. Initial concentrations of challenge emulsion also influence value of flux and oil rejection, which will also influence our decision to choose suitable membrane in relation with hydrophilicity of the membrane. During microfiltration process, there was deformation of oil particle through slot of membrane, which can be analyzed by observing size of oil drops in feed and permeate sides. Keywords: emulsion, microfiltration, slotted pore membraneAbstrakSaat ini penanganan limbah emulsi minyak dalam air menjadi topik penting di berbagai industri. Salah satunya adalah industri perminyakan. Emulsi yang dihasilkan dalam proses penambangan minyak mentah menimbulkan masalah pada beberapa tahapan proses di industri. Air yang mengandung minyak tidak dapat digunakan kembali untuk meningkatkan perolehan minyak karena mengandung minyak, lemak dan partikel tersuspensi dalam konsentrasi tinggi. Sehingga dibutuhkan proses pemisahan emulsi minyak dalam air. Akhir–akhir ini teknologi membran telah digunakan untuk memisahkan emulsi tersebut. Salah satu membrane yang dikembangkan adalah membrane berslot seperti yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini. Penelitian ini telah berupaya mengamati pengaruh variasi ukuran pori dan konsentrasi umpan terhadap performa membrane berslot dalam memisahkan emulsi minyak dalam air. Dari percobaan, diperoleh hasil bahwa rejeksi membran terhadap minyak meningkat jika digunakan membrane dengan ukuran ori lebih kecil, emulsi dengan kestabilan yang tinggi, dan beda tekanan yang kecil. Disimpulkan bahwa membrane dengan ukuran pori 33 mikrometer memberikan rejeksi membrane lebih tinggi dibandingkan membrane dengan ukuran pori 80 mikrometer. Konsentrasi awal umpan mempengaruhi fluks dan rejeksi serta mempengaruhi pilihan kita dalam memilih jenis membran yang digunakan. Selama proses filtrasi, terjadi perubahan bentuk atau deformasi partikel minyak melewati slot atau pori membrane yang diamati melalui distribusi ukuran partikel.Kata kunci: emulsi, mikrofiltrasi, membran berslot

The Molecular Ecology Analysis of Microbial Communities in LuLiang Oil Field

2014 ◽  
Vol 507 ◽  
pp. 810-816
Author(s):  
Li Na Yi ◽  
Yuan Dong Ma ◽  
Qing Feng Cui ◽  
Li Yu
Keyword(s):  
Clone Library ◽  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Produced Water ◽  
Molecular Ecology ◽  
Pseudomonas Stutzeri ◽  
Oil Field ◽  
Community Diversity ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Injection Water ◽  
Dominant Bacteria

The molecular ecology analysis of microorganisms is important for the development of microbial enhanced oil recovery. The bacterial 16S rRNA gene clone library was constructed to detect the community diversity in injection-water and produced-water in Luliang Oil field in Xinjiang in this study. The phylogenetic analysis indecated that most of clones (76%) in injection-water were clustered in α-proteobacteria. Roseovarius sp. and Novispirillum sp. were the main bacteria accounting for 41.3% of the total of clones. And the most clones in production water were clustered in α,γ-proteobacteria with the phylotypes belonging to α-proteobacteria accounting for 61% of the clone library. Sphingomonas sp. and Pseudomonas stutzeri sp. were the dominant bacteria which constitute 26% and 22%. The variaty of functional bacteria is more in produced-water than injection-water.

scholarly journals Metabolites of an Oil Field Sulfide-Oxidizing, Nitrate-ReducingSulfurimonassp. Cause Severe Corrosion

2018 ◽  
Vol 85 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sven Lahme ◽  
Dennis Enning ◽  
Cameron M. Callbeck ◽  
Demelza Menendez Vega ◽  
Thomas P. Curtis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Produced Water ◽  
Sulfide Oxidation ◽  
Petroleum Industry ◽  
Oil Field ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Corrosion Rates ◽  
Reducing Bacteria ◽  
Nitrate Reducing Bacteria

ABSTRACTOil reservoir souring and associated material integrity challenges are of great concern to the petroleum industry. The bioengineering strategy of nitrate injection has proven successful for controlling souring in some cases, but recent reports indicate increased corrosion in nitrate-treated produced water reinjection facilities. Sulfide-oxidizing, nitrate-reducing bacteria (soNRB) have been suggested to be the cause of such corrosion. Using the model soNRBSulfurimonassp. strain CVO obtained from an oil field, we conducted a detailed analysis of soNRB-induced corrosion at initial nitrate-to-sulfide (N/S) ratios relevant to oil field operations. The activity of strain CVO caused severe corrosion rates of up to 0.27 millimeters per year (mm y−1) and up to 60-μm-deep pitting within only 9 days. The highest corrosion during the growth of strain CVO was associated with the production of zero-valent sulfur during sulfide oxidation and the accumulation of nitrite, when initial N/S ratios were high. Abiotic corrosion tests with individual metabolites confirmed biogenic zero-valent sulfur and nitrite as the main causes of corrosion under the experimental conditions. Mackinawite (FeS) deposited on carbon steel surfaces accelerated abiotic reduction of both sulfur and nitrite, exacerbating corrosion. Based on these results, a conceptual model for nitrate-mediated corrosion by soNRB is proposed.IMPORTANCEAmbiguous reports of corrosion problems associated with the injection of nitrate for souring control necessitate a deeper understanding of this frequently applied bioengineering strategy. Sulfide-oxidizing, nitrate-reducing bacteria have been proposed as key culprits, despite the underlying microbial corrosion mechanisms remaining insufficiently understood. This study provides a comprehensive characterization of how individual metabolic intermediates of the microbial nitrogen and sulfur cycles can impact the integrity of carbon steel infrastructure. The results help explain the dramatic increases seen at times in corrosion rates observed during nitrate injection in field and laboratory trials and point to strategies for reducing adverse integrity-related side effects of nitrate-based souring mitigation.

scholarly journals Interception Characteristics and Pollution Mechanism of the Filter Medium in Polymer-Flooding Produced Water Filtration Process

Processes ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 927
Author(s):  
Xingwang Wang ◽  
Xiaoxuan Xu ◽  
Wei Dang ◽  
Zhiwei Tang ◽  
Changchao Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Suspended Solids ◽  
Produced Water ◽  
Oil Pollution ◽  
Water Injection ◽  
Polymer Flooding ◽  
Oil Field ◽  
Filter Medium ◽  
Colloidal System ◽  
Oil Droplets

Polymer flooding enhances oil recovery, but during the application of this technology, it also creates a large amount of polymer-contained produced water that poses a threat to the environment. The current processing is mainly focused on being able to meet the re-injection requirements. However, many processes face the challenges of purifying effect, facilities pollution, and economical justification in the field practice. In the present work, to fully understand the structure and principle of the oil field filter tank, and based on geometric similarity and similar flow, a set of self-designed filtration simulation devices is used to study the treatment of polymer-contained produced water in order to facilitate the satisfaction of the water injection requirements for medium- and low-permeability reservoirs. The results show that, due to the existence of polymers in oil field produced water, a stable colloidal system is formed on the surface of the filter medium, which reduces the adsorption of oil droplets and suspended solids by the filter medium. The existence of the polymers also increases the viscosity of water, promotes the emulsification of oil pollution, and increases the difficulty of filtration and separation. As filtration progresses, the adsorption of the polymers by the filter medium bed reaches saturation, and the polymers and oil pollution contents in the filtered water increase gradually. The concentration and particle size of the suspended solids eventually exceed the permissible standards for filtered water quality; this is mainly due to the unreasonable size of the particle in relation to the filter medium gradation and the competitive adsorption between the polymers and the suspended solids on the surface of the filter medium. The oil concentration of the filtered water also exceeds the allowable standards and results from the polymers replace the oil droplets in the pores and on the surfaces of the filter medium. Moreover, the suspended particles of the biomass, composed of dead bacteria, hyphae, and spores, have strong attachment and carrying ability with respect to oil droplets, which cause the suspended solids in the filtered water to exceed the permissible standards and oil droplets to be retained in the filtered effluent at the same time.

Reuse of Produced Water Grows in the Oil and Gas Industry

2020 ◽  
Vol 72 (12) ◽  
pp. 60-61
Author(s):  
Judy Feder
Keyword(s):  
Enhanced Oil Recovery ◽  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Produced Water ◽  
Petroleum Industry ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Environmental Conservation ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
External Stakeholders ◽  
Oil And Gas Operations

This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Judy Feder, contains highlights of paper SPE 199498, “Reuse of Produced Water in the Oil and Gas Industry,” by Madeleine Gray, International Petroleum Industry Environmental Conservation Association, prepared for the 2020 SPE International Conference and Exhibition on Health, Safety, Environment, and Sustainability, originally scheduled to be held in Bogota, Colombia, 28-30 July. The paper has not been peer reviewed. The onshore oil and gas industry investigates new and improved ways to manage the supply and disposal of produced water continually. Within oil and gas operations, produced water increasingly is being recycled and reused for enhanced oil recovery, drilling, and well stimulation. The growing global demand for water resources also is creating interest in reusing produced water outside oil and gas operations. The complete paper focuses on sources of produced water from conventional and unconventional onshore oil and gas operations and addresses the challenges and opportunities associated with reusing the produced water. Introduction Produced water is water that is brought to surface during oil and natural-gas production. It includes formation, flowback, and condensation water. Produced water varies in composition and volume from one formation to another and is often managed as a waste material requiring disposal. In recent years, increased demand for, and regional variability of, available water resources, along with sustainable water-supply planning, have driven interest in reusing produced water with or without treatment to meet requirements within the industry or by external users. Reuse of produced water can provide important economic, social, and environmental benefits, particularly in water-scarce regions. It can be used for hydraulic fracturing, waterflooding, and enhanced oil recovery, decreasing the demand for other sources of water. However, reuse for offsite, non-oilfield applications such as crop irrigation, wildlife and livestock consumption, industrial processes, and power generation, is subject to a variety of constraints and risks. Practical considerations for offsite reuse include supply and demand and regulatory, infrastructural, economic, legal, social, and environmental factors. Sources, Chemical Properties, and Management of Produced Water The information contained in the paper is based on an internal survey conducted by the International Petroleum Industry Environmental Conservation Association (IPIECA) of 14 of its member companies, interviews with selected external stakeholders covering a range of sectors and geographic regions, and a literature review of readily available information. The external stakeholders were identified from the membership survey as well as from IPIECA and consultant experience. Sources and Volumes. Onshore oil and gas operations generate millions of barrels of produced water each day world-wide. The composition and flow of produced water can differ dramatically from one source to another.

scholarly journals Characteristics and Management of Produced Water in Al-Ahdab Oil Field

2021 ◽  
Vol 1094 (1) ◽  
pp. 012090
Author(s):  
Zahraa N Mahbouba ◽  
Mahmood K Abdulkhalik ◽  
Jassim H Mussa
Keyword(s):  
Produced Water ◽  
Oil Field
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