Operation of an integrated algae pond system for the treatment of municipal sewage: a South African case study

2014 ◽  
Vol 69 (12) ◽  
pp. 2554-2561 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prudence M. Mambo ◽  
Dirk K. Westensee ◽  
David S. Render ◽  
A. Keith Cowan
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Sewage Treatment ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Municipal Sewage ◽  
Tertiary Treatment ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Treated Water ◽  
Ammonium N ◽  
Before And After

Integrated algae pond systems (IAPS) combine the use of anaerobic and aerobic bioprocesses to effect sewage treatment. In the present work, the performance of IAPS was evaluated to determine the efficiency of this technology for treatment of municipal sewage under South African conditions. Composite samples were analysed over an 8 month period before and after tertiary treatment. Spectrophotometric assays indicated that the treated water from this IAPS was compliant with the discharge limits for phosphate-P, ammonium-N and nitrate/nitrite-N, and mean values were: 5.3, 2.9 and 12.4 mg L−1, respectively. Chemical oxygen demand (COD), however, fluctuated significantly and was dependent on full function of the IAPS. Mean COD of the final treated water was 72.2 mg L−1. Although these results suggest that the treated water discharged from this IAPS operating under South African conditions meets the standard for discharge, mean total suspended solids (TSS) was routinely above the limit at 34.5 ± 13 mg L−1 and faecal coliforms were higher than expected. Tertiary treatment using a maturation pond series (MPS), slow sand filtration (SSF), or a controlled rock filter (CRF) ensured that the final treated water from the IAPS was of a quality suitable for discharge to the environment with CRF > SSF > MPS.

scholarly journals Influence of Solar Energy on the Physicochemical Parameters of Effluent Sludge and the Receiving Stream of an Oxidation Pond

2020 ◽  
pp. 890-896
Author(s):  
F. O. Omoya ◽  
A. O. Olalemi
Keyword(s):  
Solar Energy ◽  
Dissolved Oxygen ◽  
Physicochemical Parameters ◽  
Sewage Treatment ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Biological Oxygen Demand ◽  
Oxidation Pond ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Receiving Stream

Aim: This study was aimed at determining the physicochemical characteristics (such as pH, dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand, nitrogen, phosphorus, chloride, iron, lead, magnesium etc.) of the effluent sludge from a sewage oxidation pond and the receiving stream before and after exposure to solar energy. This is to gain a better understanding on how ultraviolet radiations from sunlight alters the physicochemical parameters inherent in the sludge and the stream. Methods and Results: Effluent sludge samples and water samples from the receiving stream were collected and exposed to solar energy over a twenty-day period. Physicochemical parameters were measured using standard methods. Results revealed that mean values of dissolved oxygen and pH increased whereas those of biological oxygen demand, ammonia nitrogen, chloride, phosphorus, iron, lead zinc and magnesium reduced over the period study. Conclusion: The findings from this study suggest that the addition of solar energy to the chains of processes in sewage treatment will produce effluents with minimal content of nutrients from organic matter and heavy metals and these will ultimately protect the receiving stream from contamination, thus contributing to human health protection.

Analysis and Design of Sewage Treatment Plant: A Case Study Atnagore

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (6) ◽  
pp. 543-552
Author(s):  
Elangovan G ◽  
Rajanandhini V.M
Keyword(s):  
Sewage Treatment ◽  
Sewage Treatment Plant ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Sewage Water ◽  
Municipal Sewage ◽  
Steady Increase ◽  
Analysis And Design ◽  
Treated Sewage ◽  
Secondary Clarifier

The main objective of this study is to carry out to design of a sewage treatment plant for a Nagore and Nagore district, because it has been one of the developing pilgrimage places. Due to steady increase of increasing population, there will be more generation of domestic and municipal sewage. Sewage produces obnoxious smell which causes disease to all creatures. To avoid this problem, proper treatments is necessary before disposal to land by not throwing sewage directly to natural resources and reuse the treated water that ultimately reduces the overall demand of fresh water. Its objective is to produce an environmental safe fluid waste and solid waste suitable for disposal or reuse. In one day the total sewage generated was estimated 5 MLD considering the projected population of Nagore town for the next 30 years? Consequently this paper focuses on the sewage generation in the Nagore area based on the population and sewage treatment plant is designed accordingly. It is proposed to design the various components of sewage treatment plant considering the various standards and permissible limits of treated sewage water. The various components of sewage treatment plant are screening, grit chamber, primary sedimentation tank, biological reactor, secondary clarifier, activated sludge tank and drying beds.

Wastewater Treatment Operations

2019 ◽  
pp. 89-254
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Sewage Treatment ◽  
Settling Tank ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Primary Treatment ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Secondary Treatment ◽  
Tertiary Treatment ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Intended Use

Sewage is treated by a variety of methods to make it suitable for its intended use, be it for spraying onto irrigation fields (for watering crops) or be it for human consumption. Sewage treatment mainly takes place in two main stages: primary and secondary treatment. In arid areas, where there is not enough water, sewage also undergoes a tertiary treatment to meet the demands of the drinking water supply. During primary treatment, the suspended solids are separated from the water and the BOD (biochemical oxygen demand) of the water is reduced, preparing it for the next stage in wastewater treatment. Secondary treatment consists of aeration and settling tank. This process removes 75-95% of the BOD. In case of trickling filter, BOD removal is up to 80%-85%. The water is then disinfected, mostly by chlorination, and released into flowing streams or oceans. Therefore, the main objective of this chapter is to provide a deeper insight into preliminary, primary, secondary, and tertiary treatment of wastewater and furthermore provide cognizance concerning design considerations of treatment units.

Upgrading a Large Municipal Sewage Treatment Plant by a Combination of Biological and Chemical Processes

1990 ◽  
Vol 22 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 105-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. H. Hahn ◽  
E. Hoffmann ◽  
A. Kleinschmidt ◽  
R. Klute
Keyword(s):  
Biological Treatment ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Sewage Treatment ◽  
Sewage Treatment Plant ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Chemical Processes ◽  
Plant Performance ◽  
Municipal Sewage ◽  
The Past

The Standards controlling sewage treatment are continuously in development. Thus, upgrading existing plants is a frequently encountered problem. In the past this meant structural changes, mostly in terms of enlargement of existing facilities or addition of new units. More recently the possibilities of improving plant performance through chemicals addition (inducing precipitation and coagulation) with or without intensified biological treatment have been explored. Chemicals addition has become necessary in many instances due to the tightening of standards for phosphorous concentrations in the plant effluent. The present discussion is based on a case study where possibilities and limits of chemical and/or biological upgrading have been investigated. The analysis showed that neither chemical stages nor secondary biological stages alone can guarantee the effluent standards formulated by the water authorities.

Energy saving system with high effluent quality for municipal sewage treatment by UASB–DHS

2012 ◽  
Vol 66 (6) ◽  
pp. 1186-1194 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Tanaka ◽  
M. Takahashi ◽  
Y. Yoneyama ◽  
K. Syutsubo ◽  
K. Kato ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Sewage Treatment ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Volume Index ◽  
Municipal Sewage ◽  
Anaerobic Sludge ◽  
Stable Operation ◽  
Temperature Sensitive ◽  
Cellulose Decomposition ◽  
Sludge Production

An up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) – down-flow hanging sponge (DHS) was applied to Japanese municipal sewage treatment, and its treatability, energy consumption, and sludge production were evaluated. The designed sewage load was 50 m3/d. The sewage typically had a chemical oxygen demand (COD) of 402 mg/L, a suspended solids (SS) content of 167 mg/L, and a temperature of 17–29 °C. The UASB and DHS exhibited theoretical hydraulic retention times of 9.7 and 2.5 h, respectively. The entire system was operated without temperature control. Operation was started with mesophilic anaerobic digested sludge for the UASB and various sponge media for the DHS. Continuous operational data suggest that although the cellulose decomposition and methanogenic process in the UASB are temperature sensitive, stable operation can be obtained by maintaining a satisfactory sludge volume index and sludge concentration. For the DHS, the cube-type medium G3-2 offers superior filling rates, biological preservation and operational execution. The SS derived from the DHS contaminated the effluent but could be removed by optional sand filtration. A comparison with conventional activated sludge (CAS) treatment confirmed that this system is adequate for municipal sewage treatment, with an estimated energy requirement and excess sludge production approximately 75 and 85% less than those of CAS, respectively.

Experimental study of a novel hybrid constructed wetland for water reuse and its application in Southern China

2011 ◽  
Vol 64 (11) ◽  
pp. 2177-2184 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Zhai ◽  
H. W. Xiao ◽  
K. Kujawa-Roeleveld ◽  
Q. He ◽  
S. M. Kerstens
Keyword(s):  
Constructed Wetland ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Southern China ◽  
Sewage Treatment ◽  
Subsurface Flow ◽  
Circulatory System ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Municipal Sewage ◽  
Horizontal Subsurface Flow

A new type of hybrid constructed wetland (CW), consisting of both vertical-baffled flow wetland (VBFW) and horizontal subsurface flow wetland (HSFW), has been deployed in Southern China to naturally accelerate the removal of organic matter and nitrogen. The hybrid CW system is characterised by a combination of continuous baffled flow vertical wetland and ‘S’ pattern horizontal subsurface flow wetland with natural aeration ditches to increase the concentration of dissolved oxygen in the HSFW bed. An internal circulatory system from the HSFW effluent back to the VBFW may optionally be operated to enhance the biological denitrification effect. Cyperus alternifolius is the main macrophyte in the wetland bed. The performance of the hybrid CW was studied with a pilot-scale system and three full-scale systems for municipal sewage treatment in Southern China. The results suggest that this new hybrid CW can achieve removal efficiencies of chemical oxygen demand, suspended solids, ammonia nitrogen, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus of better than 83.6, 95.0, 71.7, 64.5 and 68.1% respectively, with a specific wetland bed area of 0.70–0.93 m2 PE−1. The mean effluent concentrations of these parameters would meet the regulatory discharge limits for wastewater treatment systems (GB18918, 2002) and reuse in the context of agricultural irrigation solutions in China.

scholarly journals Validation of a Simulation-Based Pre-Assessment Process for Solar Photovoltaic Technology Implemented on Rooftops of South African Shopping Centres

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 2589 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dirk Johan van Vuuren ◽  
Annlizé L. Marnewick ◽  
Jan Harm C. Pretorius
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Maximum Load ◽  
Assessment Process ◽  
Pv System ◽  
Shopping Centre ◽  
Load Demand ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Future Return ◽  
Private Investors

The existing processes that determines the yield of a photovoltaic (PV) system before construction commences are fairly unstructured. Research that defines a structured process for simulation purposes is limited. This article builds on prior research where a proposed structured pre-assessment process, which may be applied before construction commences, was generated so that electricity yield from a PV system can be predicted with a higher degree of accuracy, and then subsequently optimized. By implementing the proposed pre-assessment process, calculating the future return on investment (ROI) by private investors is simplified, given that the existing process is restrictive. The research used the results from a South African case study over 24 months to ascertain the validity of the proposed pre-assessment process. The validation process includes analyzing the load demand of the shopping centre before and after the PV system was constructed, comparing the electricity yield from the PV system to the simulation results obtained in the preceding research, and amending the proposed pre-assessment process accordingly for improved electricity estimation. The case study shopping centre operates in Johannesburg, Gauteng, and consumes approximately 5000 kVA under maximum load.

scholarly journals Study on Efficiency of the Sewage Treatment Plant at College Campus (Karnataka) for Sustainable Artificial Recharge Designed model: A Case study

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dhanraj M R ◽  
◽  
Ganesha A ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Sewage Treatment ◽  
Sewage Treatment Plant ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Residual Chlorine ◽  
Treated Effluent ◽  
Institute Of Technology

The aim of this study is to evaluate the quality of sewage generated from 7000 KLD Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) located at Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Karnataka which is based on the Activated Sludge Technology. The study of sewage quality of this plant is essential as most of the treated effluent discharged into a stream during monsoon and remaining season used for a Gardening purpose. Water samples were collected from the outlet and analyzed for the major waste-water quality parameters, such as pH, Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and residual chlorine. The overall quality of sewage of 7000 KLD Sewage treatment plants will be evaluated by collecting samples. The results of these evaluations also determine whether the effluent discharged into the water body is under limits given by Karnataka state pollution control board (KSPCB) & BIS standards.

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