Optimizing the coagulation process in a drinking water treatment plant – comparison between traditional and statistical experimental design jar tests

2012 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 496-503 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Zainal-Abideen ◽  
A. Aris ◽  
F. Yusof ◽  
Z. Abdul-Majid ◽  
A. Selamat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Water Treatment Plant ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Optimum Dose ◽  
Statistical Experimental Design ◽  
Traditional Methods ◽  
Rsm Optimization ◽  
Standard Design

In this study of coagulation operation, a comparison was made between the optimum jar test values for pH, coagulant and coagulant aid obtained from traditional methods (an adjusted one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) method) and with central composite design (the standard design of response surface methodology (RSM)). Alum (coagulant) and polymer (coagulant aid) were used to treat a water source with very low pH and high aluminium concentration at Sri-Gading water treatment plant (WTP) Malaysia. The optimum conditions for these factors were chosen when the final turbidity, pH after coagulation and residual aluminium were within 0–5 NTU, 6.5–7.5 and 0–0.20 mg/l respectively. Traditional and RSM jar tests were conducted to find their respective optimum coagulation conditions. It was observed that the optimum dose for alum obtained through the traditional method was 12 mg/l, while the value for polymer was set constant at 0.020 mg/l. Through RSM optimization, the optimum dose for alum was 7 mg/l and for polymer was 0.004 mg/l. Optimum pH for the coagulation operation obtained through traditional methods and RSM was 7.6. The final turbidity, pH after coagulation and residual aluminium recorded were all within acceptable limits. The RSM method was demonstrated to be an appropriate approach for the optimization and was validated by a further test.

scholarly journals Occurrence of titanium dioxide nanoparticle in Taihu Lake (China) and its removal at a full-scale drinking water treatment plant

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhiyuan Liu ◽  
Min Rui ◽  
Shuili Yu
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Titanium Dioxide ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Taihu Lake ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Water Treatment Plant ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticle

Abstract The occurrence of titanium dioxide nanoparticle (TNP), an emerging contaminant, in Taihu Lake of China was investigated. Ti was present at a concentration of 224 ± 59 µg/L in the water source of east Taihu Lake. Approximately 0.19% of the Ti-containing matter was at the nano-scale. Scanning Electron Microscope analysis verified the existence of Ti-containing components, such as TiOX and FeTiOX. Furthermore, Ti K-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure spectroscopy was used to detect the phase composition of nano-scaled Ti-containing matter. The spectra showed the three characteristic peaks of TiO2 in the samples, suggesting the occurrence of TNP in Taihu Lake. A least-squares linear combination fitting analysis indicated that the TNP concentration in the water source was 0.86 µg/L, with a crystal composition of 0.44 ± 0.1 µg/L amorphous, 0.14 ± 0.03 µg/L anatase and 0.28 ± 0.06 µg/L rutile. The removal performance of the TNP at a full-scale conventional drinking water treatment plant indicated that 58.8% of TNP was removed via coagulation/sediment, sand filtration and disinfection/clear water reservoir. The coagulation/sediment process accounted for approximately 76.6% of the total removed TNP. The finished water contained 0.33 µg/L TNP with a crystal composition of 0.24 ± 0.13 µg/L anatase and 0.09 ± 0.05 µg/L rutile. This study is the first that reported the presence and transport of TNP in a drinking water treatment system.

scholarly journals Optimum Coagulant Forecasting with Modeling the Jar Test Experiments Using ANN

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sadaf Haghiri ◽  
Sina Moharramzadeh ◽  
Amin Daghighi
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Mean Squared Error ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Dosage Level ◽  
Water Treatment Plant ◽  
Real Variable ◽  
Optimum Dose ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Jar Test

Abstract. Nowadays the proper utilization of water treatment plants and optimizing their use is of particular importance. Coagulation and flocculation in water treatment are among the common ways through which the use of coagulants leads to instability of particles and formation of larger and heavier particles, resulting in improvement of sedimentation and filtration processes. Determination of the optimum dose of such a coagulant is of particular significance. A high dose, in addition to adding costs, can cause the sediment to remain in the filtrate, a dangerous condition according to the standards, while a sub-adequate dose of coagulants can result in the reducing the required quality and acceptable performance of the coagulation process. While jar tests are used for testing coagulants, such experiments face many constraints with respect to evaluating the results produced by sudden changes in input water because of their significant costs, long time requirements, and complex relationships among the many factors (turbidity, temperature, pH, alkalinity, etc.) that can influence the efficiency of coagulant and test results. Modeling can be used to overcome these limitations, and in this research study, Artificial Neural Network (ANN) Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) with one hidden layer has been used for modeling the jar test to determine the dosage level of used coagulant in water treatment processes. The data contained in this research have been obtained from the drinking water treatment plant located in the Ardabil province. To evaluate the performance of the model, the parameters Mean Squared Error (MSE) and the Correlation Coefficient R2 have been used. The obtained values are within an acceptable range that demonstrates the high accuracy of the models with respect to the estimation of water quality characteristics and the optimal dosages of coagulants, so using these models will allow operators to not only reduce costs and time taken to perform experimental jar tests, but also to predict a proper dosage for coagulant amounts and to project the quality of the output water under real variable conditions.

scholarly journals Evaluasi dan Optimalisasi Sistem Pengolahan Air Minum Pada Instalasi Pengolahan Air (IPA) Jaluko Kapasitas 50 L/S Kabupaten Muaro Jambi

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harissa Gustinawati
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Water Treatment Plant ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Optimal Dose ◽  
Processing Unit ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Planning Unit ◽  
Technical Specifications

Water Treatment Plant (IPA) capacity of 50 liters per second in the district Outer City Jambi Jambi Muaro use raw water source Batang Hari River. This installation was built in 2012 and was completed in late 2012. Air processed IPA Foreign Cities Jambi distributed to 12 regions located in the district of Jambi Outer City (Mendalo). Processing unit which exist in the IPA IPA is based prototype project using raw water source located Musi River in South Sumatra. The technical specifications references drinking water treatment plant should use the applicable standard is ISO 6774 in 2008 regarding the procedure of planning unit package water treatment plant and the literature regarding the design of IPA. There are differences between the dimensions of the design criteria based on ISO 6774-2008 with the existing dimensions of the IPA unit. Some of the units are not in accordance with design specifications. Affixing process chemicals do without testing it first, so it is not known optimal dose of the chemicals needed. This study aims to evaluate and optimize the design of the IPA unit Jambi existing State Affairs with the technical specifications of ISO 6774 in 2008 regarding the procedure of planning unit package water treatment plant and the literature regarding the design of IPA.Keywords :    Evaluation, Water Treatment Plant (IPA), ISO 6774-2008, WTP Optimization

scholarly journals Optimum coagulant forecasting by modeling jar test experiments using ANNs

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sadaf Haghiri ◽  
Amin Daghighi ◽  
Sina Moharramzadeh
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Mean Squared Error ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Dosage Level ◽  
Water Treatment Plant ◽  
Optimum Dose ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Adequate Dose ◽  
Jar Test

Abstract. Currently, the proper utilization of water treatment plants and optimizing their use is of particular importance. Coagulation and flocculation in water treatment are the common ways through which the use of coagulants leads to instability of particles and the formation of larger and heavier particles, resulting in improvement of sedimentation and filtration processes. Determination of the optimum dose of such a coagulant is of particular significance. A high dose, in addition to adding costs, can cause the sediment to remain in the filtrate, a dangerous condition according to the standards, while a sub-adequate dose of coagulants can result in the reducing the required quality and acceptable performance of the coagulation process. Although jar tests are used for testing coagulants, such experiments face many constraints with respect to evaluating the results produced by sudden changes in input water because of their significant costs, long time requirements, and complex relationships among the many factors (turbidity, temperature, pH, alkalinity, etc.) that can influence the efficiency of coagulant and test results. Modeling can be used to overcome these limitations; in this research study, an artificial neural network (ANN) multi-layer perceptron (MLP) with one hidden layer has been used for modeling the jar test to determine the dosage level of used coagulant in water treatment processes. The data contained in this research have been obtained from the drinking water treatment plant located in Ardabil province in Iran. To evaluate the performance of the model, the mean squared error (MSE) and correlation coefficient (R2) parameters have been used. The obtained values are within an acceptable range that demonstrates the high accuracy of the models with respect to the estimation of water-quality characteristics and the optimal dosages of coagulants; so using these models will allow operators to not only reduce costs and time taken to perform experimental jar tests but also to predict a proper dosage for coagulant amounts and to project the quality of the output water under real conditions.

scholarly journals Co-Occurrence of Microcystins and Taste-and-Odor Compounds in Drinking Water Source and Their Removal in a Full-Scale Drinking Water Treatment Plant

Toxins ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lixia Shang ◽  
Muhua Feng ◽  
Xiangen Xu ◽  
Feifei Liu ◽  
Fan Ke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Water Treatment Plant ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Drinking Water Source ◽  
Taste And Odor ◽  
Odor Compounds

The co-occurrence of cyanotoxins and taste-and-odor compounds are a growing concern for drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) suffering cyanobacteria in water resources. The dissolved and cell-bound forms of three microcystin (MC) congeners (MC-LR, MC-RR and MC-YR) and four taste-and-odor compounds (geosmin, 2-methyl isoborneol, β-cyclocitral and β-ionone) were investigated monthly from August 2011 to July 2012 in the eastern drinking water source of Lake Chaohu. The total concentrations of microcystins and taste-and-odor compounds reached 8.86 μg/L and 250.7 ng/L, respectively. The seasonal trends of microcystins were not consistent with those of the taste-and-odor compounds, which were accompanied by dominant species Microcystis and Dolichospermum. The fate of the cyanobacteria and metabolites were determined simultaneously after the processes of coagulation/flocculation, sedimentation, filtration and chlorination in the associated full-scale DWTP. The dissolved fractions with elevated concentrations were detected after some steps and the breakthrough of cyanobacteria and metabolites were even observed in finished water. Chlorophyll-a limits at intake were established for the drinking water source based on our investigation of multiple metabolites, seasonal variations and their elimination rates in the DWTP. Not only microcystins but also taste-and-odor compounds should be taken into account to guide the management in source water and in DWTPs.

scholarly journals Effects of a Novel Adsorbent on Membrane Fouling by Natural Organic Matter in Drinking Water Treatment

Membranes ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lelum Manamperuma ◽  
Eilen Vik ◽  
Mark Benjamin ◽  
Zhenxiao Cai ◽  
Jostein Skjefstad
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Natural Organic Matter ◽  
Membrane Fouling ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Water Treatment Plant ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Packed Bed ◽  
Transmembrane Pressure

Irreversible fouling of water filtration membranes reduces filter longevity and results in higher costs associated with membrane maintenance and premature replacement. The search for effective pretreatment methods to remove foulants that tend to irreversibly foul membranes is ongoing. In this study, a novel adsorbent (Heated Aluminum Oxide Particles (HAOPs)) was deployed in a fully automated pilot system to remove natural organic matter (NOM) from the surface water source used at the UniVann water treatment plant (WTP) in Ullensaker County, Norway. The pilot plant treatment process consists of passing the water through a thin layer of HAOPs that has been deposited on a mesh support. The HAOPs layer acts as an active packed bed which removes NOM from the water. Fluxes around 120 L/m2/h (LMH) at transmembrane pressure (TMP) below 10.7 psi (0.7 bar) were achieved over production cycles excessing 12 h. Treatment achieved always >85% colour removal and effluent colour <5 mg Pt/L (the target of treatment), and always <0.01 NTU turbidity and non-detectable suspended solids in the permeate. The HAOPs mixture after saturated with NOM is easy to remove by disruption of the HAOPs by rinsing the mesh surface, and the sludge is easily dewatered to higher of dry solids content.

scholarly journals PERANCANGAN PILOT PLANT PENGOLAHAN AIR MINUM UNTUK ZONA PENDIDIKAN DAN RISET KAWASAN TECHNO PARK, KABUPATEN PELALAWAN

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Taty Hernaningsih
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Water Treatment Plant ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Regional Competitiveness ◽  
Human Needs ◽  
Supply Planning

Techno Park regional development in order to increase regional competitiveness based on innovation and knowledge (konwledge based economy) requires infrastructure that can meet basic human needs, such as drinking water supply for the community. Techno Park region Pelalawan, Riau province located in the peat so that most of the water source is brownish and contains peat. While surface water sources such as rivers Kampar located far from the region. Therefore, to overcome the problems of water supply for the people who will live in the region need to be prepared water supply planning. Early stages of development is focused on the areas of education and research zone so that planning for water supply will also be prioritized in both these zones. Has calculated the drinking water needs based on projected population and  water demand standard in these locations. Planning of water treatment plant will conduct  in  5 stages yearly so that development is more economic with design capacity of 5 l / sec in 2033. Alternative sources of raw water are from Kampar river or groundwater that is used if transmission pipeline from the Kapuas river has not ben constructed. Technology of drinking water treatment with ultrafiltration processes that are environmentally friendly will be applied to meet the water needs of society. Transmission pipelines is planned of 15 inches diameter laying in parallel with lane highway from Kampar River ( location intake BPAB ) to the water treatment plant in the education zone . Keywords : Techno park region, water supply planning, ultrafiltrasi, peat area.

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