Surveillance of human viral contamination and physicochemical profiles in a surface water lagoon

2012 ◽  
Vol 66 (12) ◽  
pp. 2682-2687 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Fongaro ◽  
M. A Nascimento ◽  
A. Viancelli ◽  
D. Tonetta ◽  
M. M. Petrucio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Human Adenovirus ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Viral Contamination ◽  
Human Waste ◽  
Viral Particles ◽  
Polymerase Chain

The present study evaluated the contamination of a surface water lagoon (Peri Lagoon) in Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil, by human adenovirus (HAdV), polyomavirus JC (JCPyV), hepatitis A virus (HAV) and rotavirus species A (RVA). Efforts were driven to determine the correlation between viral presence and the physicochemical parameters of the lagoon and measure the distribution of these viruses throughout the year (June 2010 to May 2011). A total of 48 samples were collected, concentrated and analyzed by qPCR (quantitative polymerase chain reaction). Approximately 96% of the samples were positive for HAdV (46/48), 65% were positive for RVA (31/48), 21% were positive for JCPyV (10/48) and 12% were positive for HAV (6/48). The presence of JCPyV was positively correlated with that of NO2−N, and also there was a positive correlation between the presence of each one of the viruses (HAdV, HAV and RVA) in winter. Samples from water dedicated for human consumption and recreation tested positive for HAdV by qPCR. These samples were also subjected to viral integrity and viability assays: 83% (10/12) contained intact viral particles and 66% (8/12) contained infectious particles. Our results demonstrate the release of human waste into water sources, justifying the urgent need to add viral parameters to water quality surveillance.

scholarly journals Enteric viruses in inlet and outlet samples from sewage treatment plants

2006 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Myrmel ◽  
E. M.M. Berg ◽  
B. Grinde ◽  
E. Rimstad
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Sewage Treatment ◽  
High Viral Load ◽  
Primary Treatment ◽  
Advanced Treatment ◽  
Secondary Treatment ◽  
Sewage Treatment Plants ◽  
Viral Contamination ◽  
Viral Particles

Samples collected every two weeks from the inlet and outlet of three sewage treatment plants were screened for the presence of noro-, rota-, astro-, adeno-, hepatitis A- and circoviruses by (RT)-nested PCR, and for F-specific bacteriophages by isolation in Escherichia coli Famp. Plants A and B were secondary treatment plants and plant C used primary treatment. Noroviruses were detected in 43%, 53% and 24% of the inlet samples and 26%, 40% and 21% of the outlet samples from plants A, B and C, respectively. Astroviruses, rotaviruses and adenoviruses were more prevalent. Adenoviruses were detected in 96% of inlet and 94% of outlet samples, supporting the potential of these viruses as indicators of viral contamination from sewage. Hepatitis A virus and circoviruses were found only rarely. Reduction of infective viral particles during sewage treatment was evaluated using F-specific bacteriophages. The phages were reduced by, respectively, 99%, 87% and 0% in plants A, B and C, which corresponded to the observed differences in reduction of norovirus positive samples between the same plants. The study shows that the high viral load in sewage results in a discharge to the environment of a large amount of virus despite sewage treatment. On the other hand, the advantage of a more advanced treatment is demonstrated.

Use of RT seminested PCR to assess viral contamination in Caribbean rivers (Martinique)

1995 ◽  
Vol 31 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 391-394 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Le Guyader ◽  
D. Menard ◽  
M. Pommepuy ◽  
H. Kopecka
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Bacterial Contamination ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Caribbean Island ◽  
Good Tool ◽  
Surface Water Pollution ◽  
Viral Contamination ◽  
Virus Rna ◽  
Seminested Pcr

RT seminested PCR was used to detect enterovirus and hepatitis A virus RNA in polluted surface water in a Caribbean island. Similar results were obtained from samples with or without PEG concentrations: viral RNA being detected in about 60% of river samples. No correlation was found with bacterial contamination, but some inhibitors may have been present. PCR would seem to be a good tool for monitoring surface water pollution.

Viruses and Shellfish

1993 ◽  
Vol 27 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 313-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Schwartzbrod ◽  
S. Boher
Keyword(s):  
Fecal Coliform ◽  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Aqueous Media ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Norwalk Virus ◽  
Viral Contamination ◽  
Viral Particles ◽  
Enteric Infections ◽  
Bacterial Type

While studying the cycle of viral contamination of aqueous media, it appears that the human being is both the primary contaminator and the secondary receiver of the viruses transported in the aqueous medium. Human contamination takes place by drinking water of poor quality, by eating vegetables irrigated with waste water or shellfish. Shellfish consumption is clearly associated with the transmission of enteric infections and epidemics have been reported in many countries. The viruses responsible for the transmission of epidemics are mostly gastro-enteric viruses (Norwalk virus, Rotavirus and “small round viruses”) and the hepatitis A virus. The shellfish implicated are oysters, cockles, mussels and clams. Shellfish depuration techniques involve either closed loop circuits or semi-open circuits. They are very effective bacteriologically, but they do not totally eliminate the viral particles. Furthermore, sanitary controls are, usually, based on the sole research of fecal coliform although this bacterial type is a bad indicator of viral contamination. It is therefore necessary to include a virological criterion in the sanitary control of shellfish.

Detection of Hepatitis a Virus and other Enteroviruses in Wastewater and Surface Water Samples by Gene Probe Assay

1991 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 267-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Dubrou ◽  
H. Kopecka ◽  
J. M. Lopez Pila ◽  
J. Maréchal ◽  
J. Prévot
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Cell Cultures ◽  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Blot Hybridization ◽  
Noncoding Region ◽  
Gene Probe ◽  
Dot Blot ◽  
Lower Efficiency

Enteroviruses were specifically detected by dot blot hybridization when using poliovirus type 1 (PV1) derived subgenomic radiolabeled cRNA probes (riboprobes) in environmental water specimens and in the cell cultures in which the viruses were amplificated. The riboprobe corresponding to the 5' noncoding sequence detected the majority of enteroviruses. Hepatitis A virus (HAV) was specifically detected by an HAV cRNA probe corresponding to the 5' noncoding region of its genome. By this test, the limit of detection of coxsackievirus B5 and echovirus 7 seeded in mineral water was 103 to 104 PFU/spot. In cell cultures, positive signals were observed in the lysates of cells infected by one PFU. Higher positive signals were obtained with a short PV1 probe (nt 221-670) corresponding to the 5' noncoding region, which is a well preserved sequence among the enteroviruses, than with PV1 genomic probe. Hybridization allowed a good detection of enteroviral RNAs in wastewater specimens, but with a lower efficiency in surface water. In this case, amplification of viruses in the cell cultures gave significant hybridization results.

scholarly journals Prolonged fecal excretion of hepatitis A virus in adult patients with hepatitis A as determined by polymerase chain reaction

Hepatology ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Yotsuyanagi ◽  
K Koike ◽  
K Yasuda ◽  
K Moriya ◽  
Y Shintani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Adult Patients ◽  
Fecal Excretion ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Polymerase Chain

Persistence of Hepatitis A Virus in Oysters†

2003 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 331-334 ◽  
Author(s):  
DAVID H. KINGSLEY ◽  
GARY P. RICHARDS
Keyword(s):  
Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Crassostrea Virginica ◽  
Reverse Transcription ◽  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Infectious Virus ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Complete Removal ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Daily Feeding ◽  
Polymerase Chain

We investigated the ability of hepatitis A virus (HAV) to persist for up to 6 weeks in Eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica). Viral RNA was detected by reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction 6 weeks after 16 h of exposure to 90,000 PFU (180 PFU/ml of seawater) of HAV. Assaying for infectious virus in oysters that received a daily feeding of phytoplankton recovered 3,800, 650, and 500 PFU of HAV 1, 2, and 3 weeks after contamination with 90,000 PFU of HAV, respectively. However, no infectious HAV was isolated from oysters 4, 5, or 6 weeks after contamination. These results support the position that shellfish depuration is insufficient for the complete removal of infectious viruses. Extended relay times (in excess of 4 weeks) may be required to produce virologically safe shellfish.

Improved Detection of Norovirus and Hepatitis A Virus in Surface Water by Applying Pre-PCR Processing

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 395-405 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emmy Borgmästars ◽  
Mehrdad Mousavi Jazi ◽  
Sofia Persson ◽  
Linda Jansson ◽  
Peter Rådström ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus

scholarly journals Three-Year Study To Assess Human Enteric Viruses in Shellfish

2000 ◽  
Vol 66 (8) ◽  
pp. 3241-3248 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Le Guyader ◽  
L. Haugarreau ◽  
L. Miossec ◽  
E. Dubois ◽  
M. Pommepuy
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Virus Detection ◽  
Enteric Viruses ◽  
Molecular Technique ◽  
Norwalk Virus ◽  
Viral Contamination ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Reverse Transcription Pcr ◽  
Human Enteric Viruses

ABSTRACT The main pathogenic enteric viruses able to persist in the environment, such as hepatitis A virus (HAV), Norwalk-like virus (NLV), enterovirus (EV), rotavirus (RV), and astrovirus (AV), were detected by reverse transcription-PCR and hybridization in shellfish during a 3-year study. Oyster samples (n = 108), occasionally containing bacteria, were less frequently contaminated, showing positivity for AV (17%), NLV (23%), EV (19%), and RV (27%), whereas mussel samples, collected in areas routinely impacted by human sewage, were more highly contaminated: AV (50%), HAV (13%), NLV (35%), EV (45%), and RV (52%). Sequences obtained from HAV and NLV amplicons showed a great variety of strains, especially for NLV (strains close to Mexico, Snow Mountain Agent, or Norwalk virus). Viral contamination was mainly observed during winter months, although there were some seasonal differences among the viruses. This first study of virus detection over a fairly long period of time suggests that routine analysis of shellfish by a molecular technique is feasible.

scholarly journals The depuration dynamics of oysters (Crassostrea gigas) artificially contaminated with hepatitis A virus and human adenovirus

2012 ◽  
Vol 107 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adriana de Abreu Corrêa ◽  
Caroline Rigotto ◽  
Vanessa Moresco ◽  
Cristian Rafael Kleemann ◽  
Adriano Luiz Teixeira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crassostrea Gigas ◽  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Human Adenovirus

scholarly journals Exposure to enteroviruses and hepatitis A virus among divers in environmental waters in France, first biological and serological survey of a controlled cohort

1994 ◽  
Vol 113 (3) ◽  
pp. 541-549 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Garin ◽  
F. Fuchs ◽  
J. M. Crance ◽  
Y. Rouby ◽  
J. C. Chapalain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Training School ◽  
Environmental Waters ◽  
Viral Isolation ◽  
Viral Contamination ◽  
Coxsackievirus B4 ◽  
Concentration Technique ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Stool Specimens

SUMMARYAn epidemiological study of hepatitis A and enteroviruses was conducted in a military diving training school, by evaluating the viral contamination of water using an ultrafiltration concentration technique, and assessing seroconversion and the presence of virus in stool specimens obtained from 109 divers and 48 controls. Three of 29 water specimens were positive for enterovirus by cell culture and 9 by molecular hybridization. There was little or no risk of virus infection during the training course (49 h exposure) because there was no significant difference between divers and controls for both viral isolation and seroconversion. However, a higher percentage of coxsackievirus B4 and B5 seropositive divers suggests that these were more exposed during previous water training. No hepatitis A virus (HAV) detection and no seroconversion to HAV was observed. The rate of HAV seropositive subjects was 17% in this 24·5-year-old population

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