Quality and first flush analysis of stormwater runoff from a tropical commercial catchment

2011 ◽  
Vol 63 (6) ◽  
pp. 1211-1216 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. F. Chow ◽  
Z. Yusop ◽  
M. Mohamed
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Storm Runoff ◽  
First Flush ◽  
Storm Events ◽  
Oil And Grease ◽  
Event Mean Concentration ◽  
Urban Catchments ◽  
Soluble P ◽  
Total P

This paper examines the storm runoff quality from a commercial area in south Johor, Malaysia. Six storm events with a total of 68 storm runoff samples were analyzed. Event Mean Concentration (EMC) for all constituents analysed showed large inter-event variation. Site mean concentrations (SMC) for total suspended solids (TSS), oil and grease (O&G), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N), nitrite-nitrogen (NO2-N), ammonia-nitrogen (NH3-N), total phosphorus (Total P) and Soluble P are 261, 4.31, 74, 192, 1.5, 0.006, 1.9, 1.12 and 0.38 mg/L, respectively. The SMCs at the studied site are higher than those reported in many urban catchments. The mean baseflow concentrations were higher than the EMCs for COD, Soluble P, NH3-N, NO3-N, Total P and NO2-N. However, the reverse was observed for TSS and O&G. All pollutants showed the occurrence of first flush phenomenon with the highest strength was observed for TSS, COD and NH3-N.

Characterization and source identification of stormwater runoff in tropical urban catchments

2013 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 244-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. F. Chow ◽  
Z. Yusop
Keyword(s):  
Monitoring Program ◽  
Soluble Reactive Phosphorus ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Quality Data ◽  
Storm Events ◽  
Runoff Generation ◽  
Oil And Grease ◽  
Urban Catchments

The characteristics of urban stormwater pollution in the tropics are still poorly understood. This issue is crucial to the tropical environment because its rainfall and runoff generation processes are so different from temperate regions. In this regard, a stormwater monitoring program was carried out at three urban catchments (e.g. residential, commercial and industrial) in the southern part of Peninsular Malaysia. A total of 51 storm events were collected at these three catchments. Samples were analyzed for total suspended solids, 5-day biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand (COD), oil and grease, nitrate nitrogen, nitrite nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), soluble reactive phosphorus and total phosphorus. Principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis were used to interpret the stormwater quality data for pattern recognition and identification of possible sources. The most likely sources of stormwater pollutants at the residential catchment were from surface soil and leachate of fertilizer from domestic lawns and gardens, whereas the most likely sources for the commercial catchment were from discharges of food waste and washing detergent. In the industrial catchment, the major sources of pollutants were discharges from workshops and factories. The PCA factors further revealed that COD and NH3-N were the major pollutants influencing the runoff quality in all three catchments.

Field Test of Pollutant Removal Efficiencies of Storm Wetlands in Southern China

2012 ◽  
Vol 600 ◽  
pp. 43-46
Author(s):  
Ru Zhang ◽  
Kai Bin Feng ◽  
Jie Yang
Keyword(s):  
Best Management Practices ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Southern China ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Pollutant Removal ◽  
Storm Events ◽  
Event Mean Concentration ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Removal Efficiencies

This paper presents a study on the use of wetland as best management practices (BMPs) for controlling nonpoint source pollution located at Shenzhen and Qian Lake watershed at Nanchang in southern China. The Shenzhen experiments tested a construct wetland at the Xikeng Reservoir watershed, while the Nanchang experiments were conducted for treating stormwater on the campus of Nanchang University. Samples were collected during storm events and were analyzed for total suspended solids (TSS), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), ammonia nitrogen (NH3–N), and total phosphorus (TP). The removal efficiencies of both wetland systems were evaluated using the Efficiency Ratio (ER) method based on the event mean concentration (EMC) data. The wide range of performance results show that the average pollutants removal efficiencies of Qian Lake wetland are higher that Shenzhen wetland.

Level and transport pattern of faecal coliform bacteria from tropical urban catchments

2013 ◽  
Vol 67 (8) ◽  
pp. 1822-1831 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. F. Chow ◽  
Z. Yusop ◽  
M. E. Toriman
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Storm Events ◽  
Event Mean Concentration ◽  
Land Use Types ◽  
Urban Catchments ◽  
Faecal Bacteria ◽  
First Flush Effect ◽  
Storm Characteristics

Urbanization and frequent storms play important roles in increasing faecal bacteria pollution, especially for tropical urban catchments. However, only little information on the faecal bacteria levels from different land use types and the factors that influence bacteria concentrations is available. Thus, the objectives of this study were to quantify the levels and transport mechanism of faecal coliforms (FCs) from residential and commercial catchments. Stormwaters were sampled and the runoff flow rates were measured from both catchments during four storm events in Skudai, Malaysia. The samples were then analysed for FC, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS) and ammoniacal-nitrogen (NH3-N) concentrations. Intra-storm and inter-storm characteristics of FC bacteria were investigated in order to identify the level and transport pattern of FC. The commercial catchment showed significantly higher event mean concentration (EMC) of FC than the residential catchment. For the residential catchment, the highest bacterial concentrations occurred during the early part of stormwater runoff with peak concentrations usually preceding the peak flow. First flush effect was more prevalent at the residential catchment.

Innovative Stormwater Treatment Implementation at Parking Lot in China

2011 ◽  
Vol 255-260 ◽  
pp. 2718-2721
Author(s):  
Ru Zhang ◽  
Anthony N. Tafuri ◽  
Richard Field ◽  
Shaw L. Yu ◽  
Wen Bin Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Suspended Solids ◽  
Low Impact Development ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Stormwater Treatment ◽  
Storm Events ◽  
Nonpoint Sources ◽  
Treatment Implementation ◽  
Parking Lot

Xikeng Reservoir is one of the major water supply reservoirs in Shenzhen. The water quality of Xikeng Reservoir has been poor, with much of the pollution coming from nonpoint sources. An innovative low impact development type of BMP called the BioBox was used at the Administration Building parking lot location, as a research site and demonstration project to show how small alterations to parking lot designs can dramatically decrease pollutant loads. Manual samples were collected during storm events and analyzed for total suspended solids (TSS); five-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5); ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), and total phosphorus (TP). In summary, the ranges of removal rates of the BioBox are: TSS 70% - 90%; BOD5 20% - 50%, and ammonia and phosphorus 30% - 70%. The BioBox system effectively reduced the concentrations of pollutants in the parking lot runoff.

scholarly journals An investigation on suspended solids sources in urban stormwater runoff using 7Be and 210 Pb as tracers

2008 ◽  
Vol 57 (12) ◽  
pp. 1945-1950 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chengqing Yin ◽  
Liqing Li
Keyword(s):  
Suspended Solids ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Drainage System ◽  
Suspended Solid ◽  
Storm Runoff ◽  
Storm Events ◽  
Transport Pathways ◽  
A Value ◽  
Urban Catchments ◽  
Urban Stormwater Runoff

Radionuclides 7Be and 210Pb were used as tracers to identify suspended solid sources and transport pathways in the storm runoff events from urban catchments. Water samples were collected in runoff of storm events in Wuhan City, China. Suspended solids, COD, TN, TP, and the 7Be and 210Pb activities in the suspended solids were analyzed. Following the pathway of urban runoff pollution, the rain precipitation, urban ground dust, gutter sediments, and sewer deposit samples were analyzed for 7Be and 210Pb activities. The results show that the 7Be/210Pb ratio decreased through the system from a value of 0.86±0.44 in ground dust, to 0.63±0.18 in suspended solids in storm runoff from the sewer outlet, to 0.55±0.31 in gutter sediments, and to 0.41±0.13 in combined sewer deposits. The 7Be/210Pb ratio decrease suggests that 60±12% of suspended solids at sewer outlet originated from the drainage system sediments, the rest was from the wash-off of urban ground dust during the rainfall events. The 7Be and 210Pb trace approach can give insight into the short-term source and transport of pollutant during storm runoff in urban drainage systems and it can help to develop management strategies.

Correlation analysis among highway stormwater pollutants and characteristics

2006 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 235-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y.H. Han ◽  
S.L. Lau ◽  
M. Kayhanian ◽  
M.K. Stenstrom
Keyword(s):  
Los Angeles ◽  
Correlation Analysis ◽  
Stormwater Runoff ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
First Flush ◽  
Storm Events ◽  
Oil And Grease ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Storm Characteristics

Stormwater runoff from highway land use is a common non-point source of pollutants. A large quantity of highway stormwater runoff characteristics were collected in California during the past three years. Correlations among various water quality parameters and constituents were performed using data sets collected over the 2000–2001, 2001–2002, and 2002–2003 wet seasons for 18, 21 and 23 storm events at three highway sites in west Los Angeles, California. In addition, statistical and graphical correlation analysis of the mass first flush ratio (MFF) with storm characteristics was made to determine if the first flush is related to site or storm characteristics. The results and analyses performed indicate that (1) TSS correlates well with most particulate-bound metals. However, TSS was poorly correlated with most other pollutants. (2) Strong correlations were also observed among dissolved and total metals; DOC, COD, TKN and oil and grease; conductivity and Cl. (3) Total metals, COD and DOC were generally well correlated with mass first flush, suggesting that BMPs that treat the early portion of runoff have an opportunity to remove high concentrations of these pollutants. Keywords Correlation analysis; highway stormwater runoff; mass first flush; storm characteristics

scholarly journals Rehabilitation and upgrading wastewater treatment plant for safe irrigation reuse in remote area

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 1213-1227
Author(s):  
Hussein I. Abdel-Shafy ◽  
Mona S. M. Mansour
Keyword(s):  
Sewage Treatment ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Remote Area ◽  
Treatment System ◽  
Oil And Grease ◽  
Treated Effluent ◽  
Extensive Evaluation ◽  
Successful Removal

Abstract This study presents an extensive evaluation of a full-scale sewage treatment system in a remote area with a population of 9,000 equivalents in Egypt. The present achievement can be implemented in several arid and semi-arid areas. Previously, this treatment system was heavily destroyed during the turmoil and became completely out of operation. Presently, the capacity of the treatment system increased from 345.5 to 648 m3/d. The present rehabilitation, upgrading, and optimizing consisted of rebuilding the main construction system, addition of chemical coagulation/sedimentation, Gravel Bed Hydroponic Wetland (GBHW) followed by waste maturation pond at a surface area of 784 m2. Results indicated that the overall removal of the pollution parameters namely: turbidity, total suspended solids (TSS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), Biological oxygen demand (BOD5), and oil and grease were excellent (ranged between 96.9 to 99%). Further improvement was achieved by employing the maturation pond. In addition, successful removal of the nutrients elements in the final treated effluent reached 83.4% for total kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), 99.3% for ammonia-nitrogen, 63.4% for organic nitrogen, and 59.8% for total phosphorous (TP). The pathogen removal was excellent, namely: faecal coliform and E.coli, where the overall removal reached 100% each (more than ten and six orders of magnitude). Meanwhile, the number of cells or eggs of Nimatoda (count/L) in the raw wastewater was also 100% removed in the final treated effluent.

scholarly journals Characterization of Urban Runoff Pollution between Dissolved and Particulate Phases

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhang Wei ◽  
Li Simin ◽  
Tang Fengbing
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Urban Runoff ◽  
Total Suspended Solid ◽  
Suspended Solid ◽  
Roof Runoff ◽  
Event Mean Concentration ◽  
Rainfall Events ◽  
Urban Catchments ◽  
Runoff Pollution

To develop urban stormwater management effectively, characterization of urban runoff pollution between dissolved and particulate phases was studied by 12 rainfall events monitored for five typical urban catchments. The average event mean concentration (AEMC) of runoff pollutants in different phases was evaluated. The AEMC values of runoff pollutants in different phases from urban roads were higher than the ones from urban roofs. The proportions of total dissolved solids, total dissolved nitrogen, and total dissolved phosphorus in total ones for all the catchments were 26.19%–30.91%, 83.29%–90.51%, and 61.54–68.09%, respectively. During rainfall events, the pollutant concentration at the initial stage of rainfall was high and then sharply decreased to a low value. Affected by catchments characterization and rainfall distribution, the highest concentration of road pollutants might appear in the later period of rainfall. Strong correlations were also found among runoffs pollutants in different phases. Total suspended solid could be considered as a surrogate for particulate matters in both road and roof runoff, while dissolved chemical oxygen demand could be regarded as a surrogate for dissolved matters in roof runoff.

scholarly journals Review on uncertainty of the first-flush phenomenon in diffuse pollution control

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdullah Al Mamun ◽  
Shahriar Shams ◽  
Md. Nuruzzaman
Keyword(s):  
Best Management Practices ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Nonpoint Source ◽  
Diffuse Pollution ◽  
Storm Runoff ◽  
Storm Event ◽  
First Flush ◽  
Storm Events ◽  
Treatment Facility ◽  
Small Catchments

AbstractSeveral definitions and criteria of the first-flush are being used to assess and control the nonpoint source (diffuse) pollution. The common consensus is that the first-flush is generally noticed in the small catchments (e.g. < 10 ha) of regular shapes. It is also considered that 80% of the pollution load can be captured by capturing 30% of the runoff volume, which is assumed to be due to first-flush of the storm event. However, such phenomenon is uncertain in the considerably large catchments, principally due to the dilution and delay in transport of the pollutant. This paper critically examines the ‘first-flush’ phenomenon in controlling diffuse pollution based on various studies conducted by the researchers. Based on the review, it can be inferred that the first-flush may be an effective criterion for sizing on-site treatment facilities for small catchments (with similar dimensions of length and width), from where the runoff is expected to reach the treatment facility (roughly) at the same time. However, for the large and elongated catchments with an area covering more than 10 ha, a huge volume of storm runoff needs to be captured that would make the treatment system large or less effective. As such, for the community and regional facilities; the presence of the first-flush needs to be confirmed based on the sampling and analysis of data collected from several storm events of different durations and intensities. Therefore, the use of the first-flush phenomenon should not be applied for the design of storm runoff treatment facility in large drainage system (say > 10 ha) without on-site monitoring being conducted. However, it is also recommended to come up with a simplistic approach of designing the best management practices (BMPs) to capture and treat certain depth of the initial storm runoff (e.g. first 20 mm), which will help reduce the effect of nonpoint source (NPS) pollution.

scholarly journals Assessment of Stormwater Discharge Contamination and Toxicity for a Cold-Climate Urban Landscape

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hayley Popick ◽  
Markus Brinkmann ◽  
Kerry McPhedran
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Urban Landscape ◽  
Vibrio Fischeri ◽  
Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Cold Climate ◽  
Storm Events ◽  
Canadian City ◽  
Urban Catchments

Abstract Background Stormwater is water resulting from precipitation events and snowmelt running off the urban landscape, collecting in storm sewers, and typically being released into receiving water bodies through outfalls with minimal to no treatment. Despite a growing body of evidence observing its deleterious pollution impacts, stormwater management and treatment in cold climates remains limited, partly due to a lack of quality and loading data and modelling parameters. This study examines the quality of stormwater discharging during the summer season in a cold-climate, semi-arid Canadian city (Saskatoon, Saskatchewan). Results Seven stormwater outfalls with mixed-land-use urban catchments >100 km2 were sampled for four summer (June-August 2019) storm events and analyzed for a suite of quality parameters, including total suspended solids (TSS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), metals, and targeted polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). In addition, assessment of stormwater toxicity was done using the two toxicity assays Raphidocelis subcapitata (algae) and Vibrio fischeri (bacteria). Notable single-event, single-outfall contaminant pulses included of arsenic (420 µg/L), cadmium (16.4 µg/L), zinc (924 µg/L), fluorene (4.95 µg/L), benzo[a]pyrene (0.949 µg/L), pyrene (0.934 µg/L), phenanthrene (1.39 µg/L), and anthracene (1.40 µg/L). The IC50 in both R. subcapitata and V. fischeri was observed, if at all, above expected toxicity thresholds for individual contaminant species. Conclusions In general, stormwater characteristics were similar to those of previous studies, with a bulk of contamination carried by the first volume of runoff, influenced by a combination of rainfall depth, antecedent dry period, land use, and activity within the catchment. Roads, highways, and industrial areas contribute the bulk of estimated contaminant loadings. More intensive sampling strategies are necessary to contextualize stormwater data in the context of contaminant and runoff volume peaks.

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