Centralised urban stormwater harvesting for potable reuse

2011 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. McArdle ◽  
J. Gleeson ◽  
T. Hammond ◽  
E. Heslop ◽  
R. Holden ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Pipe Network ◽  
Potable Reuse ◽  
Community Acceptance ◽  
Low Sensitivity ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Impervious Areas ◽  
Insight Into

Urban impervious areas provide a guaranteed source of runoff, especially in cities with high rainfall – this represents a source of water with low sensitivity to unfavourable climate change. Whilst the potential to reuse stormwater has long been recognised, its quality has largely limited usage to non-potable applications requiring the use of a third-pipe network, a prohibitively expensive option in established urban areas. Given recent advances in membrane filtration, this study investigates the potential of harvesting and treating stormwater to a potable standard to enable use of the potable distribution network. A case study based on the Throsby Creek catchment in Newcastle explores the issue. The high seasonally uniform rainfall provides insight into the maximum potential of such an option. Multicriterion optimisation was used to identify Pareto optimal solutions for harvesting, storing and treating stormwater. It is shown that harvesting and treating stormwater from a 13 km2 catchment can produce yields ranging from 8.5 to 14.2 ML/day at costs ranging from AU$2.60/kL to AU$2.89/kL, which may become viable as the cost of traditional supply continues to grow. However, there are significant social impacts to deal with including alienation of public land for storage and community acceptance of treated stormwater.

scholarly journals Mapping the Royal Road and Other Hierarchical Functions

2003 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janet Wiles ◽  
Bradley Tonkes
Keyword(s):  
Basins Of Attraction ◽  
Local Optima ◽  
Fitness Functions ◽  
Cost Surface ◽  
Royal Road ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Present Case Study ◽  
Dimensional Graph ◽  
Insight Into

In this paper we present a technique for visualising hierarchical and symmetric, multi-modal fitness functions that have been investigated in the evolutionary computation literature. The focus of this technique is on landscapes in moderate-dimensional, binary spaces (i.e., fitness functions defined over {0,1}n, for n ≤ 16). The visualisation approach involves an unfolding of the hyperspace into a two-dimensional graph, whose layout represents the topology of the space using a recursive relationship, and whose shading defines the shape of the cost surface defined on the space. Using this technique we present case-study explorations of three fitness functions: royal road, hierarchical-if-and-only-if (H-IFF), and hierarchically decomposable functions (HDF). The visualisation approach provides an insight into the properties of these functions, particularly with respect to the size and shape of the basins of attraction around each of the local optima.

scholarly journals Affordability of water supply in Mongolia: empirical lessons for measuring affordability

Water Policy ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik Gawel ◽  
Katja Sigel ◽  
Wolfgang Bretschneider
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Water Policy ◽  
Policy Issue ◽  
Household Data ◽  
The World ◽  
Residual Income Approach ◽  
Insight Into

Affordability of water services is a pressing water policy issue for both the developed and, in particular, for the developing world. Despite its well-known theoretical shortcomings, affordability analysis of water supply has, up to now, been widely based on the ratio of a household's water expenditure to its income, the Conventional Affordability Ratio (CAR). However, in the housing sector, alternative concepts for measuring affordability have been developed, among them being the ‘Potential Affordability Approach’ (PAA) and the ‘Residual Income Approach’ (RIA). Against this background, this paper compares these three prominent affordability measures (CAR, PAA, RIA) on the basis of an empirical case study of a peri-urban, low-income area in the second largest Mongolian city of Darkhan, using household data from a survey conducted in 2009. Thus we gain insight into both the water-related affordability situation of people in Mongolia, checking the World Bank's finding of an absence of water affordability problems in peri-urban areas in the Mongolian capital Ulaanbaatar, as well as into the comparative functionality of different affordability measures. It is shown that affordability problems do occur but have to be distinguished depending on the economic causation. We argue that none of the regarded measures give a satisfyingly contoured notion of affordability properly distinguished from the adjacent problems of poverty and access.

scholarly journals Cost and Performance Optimisation in the Technological Phase of Parcel Delivery – A Literature Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-139
Author(s):  
Ermin Muharemović ◽  
Samir Čaušević ◽  
Amel Kosovac ◽  
Jasmina Baraković Husić
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Review Paper ◽  
Great Majority ◽  
Improve Performance ◽  
Technology Innovations ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Delivery Efficiency ◽  
Insight Into

The present review paper provides a systematic insight into the studies published so far when it comes to the research on the cost and performance optimisation in the parcel delivery phase. Globalisation, as well as the new trends, such as selling online, directly influences the demands for the delivery of goods. Demand for the delivery of goods proportionally affects the transport prices. A great majority of deliveries is carried out in densely populated urban areas. In terms of costs, the greatest part in the courier organisations costs is observed in the technological phase of parcel delivery, which is at the same time the least efficient. For that reason, significant improvement of performance and cost optimisation in the very delivery phase is a rather challenging field for the researchers. New algorithm-based technologies, innovations in the logistics and outsourcing of individual technological phases are ways by means of which one strives to enhance the delivery efficiency, to improve performance and quality, but also - to optimise the costs in the last phase of delivery. The aim of the present paper is to offer a systematic review into the most recent research in the field of technology, innovations and outsourcing models with the aim of reducing the cost and enhancing the productivity and quality in parcel delivery.

scholarly journals Accessibility, Infrastructure Provision and Residential Land Value: Modelling the Relation Using Geographic Weighted Regression in the City of Rajkot, India

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (20) ◽  
pp. 8615
Author(s):  
Talat Munshi
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Weighted Regression ◽  
Land Value ◽  
Price Variation ◽  
Substantial Impact ◽  
Infrastructure Provision ◽  
Geographic Weighted Regression ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Relationship

Amenities and infrastructure provision in urban areas are essential for the sustainable future of cities in developing countries like India. Indian cities have large development deficits and find it challenging to bridge the gap using traditional methods. Provision of these facilities costs money, which is often not available. However, access to amenities and infrastructure adds to land premium, which, if captured, can be used to finance the provision of these facilities. In India, very little information is available on the value of accessibility and infrastructure provision, and thus, these indirect benefits are primarily ignored by urban planners. This study fills the gap by identifying these benefits using Rajkot city in India as a case study. A geographic weighted regression model is used to model the relationship. It is found that land price variation is explained to a good extent using the model. Estimates show that infrastructure and amenities have a substantial impact on land value, much higher than the cost required to provide these.

scholarly journals Cost-Benefit Analysis of Electronic Information: A Case Study

1998 ◽  
Vol 59 (6) ◽  
pp. 502-509 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary W. White ◽  
Gregory A. Crawford
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Library Services ◽  
Benefit Analysis ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Insight Into

Library services and products have associated costs, including direct monetary costs and indirect costs such as time. The decision to acquire or provide a particular product or service should involve an examination of its costs and benefits to library customers. One technique for analyzing cost-effectiveness is to perform a cost-benefit analysis (CBA). CBA involves analyzing the benefits, or potential benefits, of offering a product or service and comparing them to the costs of offering that product or service. This article describes a study in which CBA was used to examine the cost-effectiveness of an electronic database. Librarians can use the results of CBA studies to justify budgets and acquisitions and to provide insight into the true costs of providing library services.

scholarly journals Direct potable reuse: a future imperative

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 2-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harold L. Leverenz ◽  
George Tchobanoglous ◽  
Takashi Asano
Keyword(s):  
Distribution System ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Water Supplies ◽  
Future Expectations ◽  
Potable Reuse ◽  
Dual Distribution ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Direct Potable Reuse

As a result of population growth, urbanization, and climate change, public water supplies are becoming stressed, and the chances of tapping new water supplies for metropolitan areas are getting more difficult, if not impossible. As a consequence, existing water supplies must go further. One way to achieve this objective is by increased water reuse, particularly in supplementing municipal water supplies. Although water reuse offers many opportunities it also involves a number of problems. A significant cost for nonpotable water reuse in urban areas is associated with the need to provide separate piping and storage systems for reclaimed water. In most situations, the cost of a dual distribution system has been prohibitive and thus, has limited implementation for water reuse programs. The solution to the problem of distribution is to implement direct potable reuse (DPR) of purified water in the existing water distribution system. The purpose of this paper is to consider (a) a future in which DPR will be the norm and (b) the steps that will need to be taken to make this a reality. Following an overview, the rationale for DPR, some examples of DPR projects, technological and implementation issues, and future expectations are examined.

Prescribing trends of antidiabetic drugs in diabetic and hypertensive diabetic patients in an urban tertiary care hospital of Bangladesh

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 338-343
Author(s):  
Mohammad Didar Khan ◽  
Md. Ibrahim ◽  
Md. Mizanur Rahman Moghal ◽  
Dipti debnath ◽  
Asma Kabir ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Microsoft Excel ◽  
Patient Profile ◽  
Prescribing Trends ◽  
Medical University ◽  
Insight Into

Objective: The present epidemiological study was conducted with the objectives of providing an insight into the current use of antidiabetic medications to diabetics and hypertensive diabetics in urban areas and determining how the patient factors influence the prescribing of antidiabetic medications. Methodology: Data of patients of past two years were collected from Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU) Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh. The details were entered in the structured patient profile form. Data were statistically analyzed using the Microsoft Excel 2007 software. Result: A total of 958 patient’s data were collected and analyzed of which 632 (65.97 %) were males and 326 (34.03 %) were females. These patients were further categorized based on their age. 330 patients (34.45 %) belonged to the age group 20 – 44 years, 504 (52.61 %) to the age group 45 – 65 years and 124 (12.94 %) to the age group 65 – 80 years. 684 (71.4%) patients out of the 958 patients studied were suffering from coexisting hypertension. Co-existing hypertension was found to be more prevalent in the age group 45 – 65 years (67.69%) and was found more in females (84.04%). Conclusion: Metformin was the oral hypoglycemic which was the highest prescribed. In hypertensive diabetics Metformin and Pioglitazone were most frequently prescribed drugs. Biguanides and Insulin were the most commonly prescribed antidiabetics. A combination of two or more drugs of different classes was prescribed to hypertensive diabetics. It is necessary to have an improved understanding of the etiology and pathophysiology of diabetes to focus on research efforts appropriately.

Margins and Modernity: A Geocritical Approach to Anna Seward's Llangollen Vale

Romanticism ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-80
Author(s):  
Ruth Knezevich
Keyword(s):  
Analytic Approach ◽  
Romantic Era ◽  
Insight Into

The genre of annotated verse represents an under-explored form of transporting romanticism. In annotated, locodescriptive poems like those in Anna Seward's Llangollen Vale, readers are invited to read not only the spatiality of the landscapes depicted in the verse but also the landscape of the page itself. Seward's poems, with their focus on understanding geographical, political, and historical spaces both real and imaginary, provide geocritical insight into poetic productions of the early Romantic era. Likewise, geocriticism offers a fresh and useful – even necessary – analytic approach to such poems. I adopt Anna Seward as a case study in annotated verse and argue that attending to the materiality and paratextuality of her work allows us to access the complexities of her poetry and prose as well as her position within the wider framework of transporting Romanticism.

Transformative Encounters and Uncanny Intimacies: Biotechnology and Contemporary Art – A Practitioner's Approach and Perspective

Somatechnics ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 263-283 ◽  
Author(s):  
Svenja J. Kratz
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Culture ◽  
Human Skin ◽  
Contemporary Art ◽  
Skin Equivalent ◽  
Biomedical Innovation ◽  
Equivalent Models ◽  
Science Projects ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Human Skin Equivalent

Abstract: Presented from an ArtScience practitioner's perspective, this paper provides an overview of Svenja Kratz's experience working as an artist within the area of cell and tissue culture at QUT's Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI). Using The Absence of Alice, a multi-medium exhibition based on the experience of culturing cells, as a case study, the paper gives insight into the artist's approach to working across art and science and how ideas, processes, and languages from each discipline can intermesh and extend the possibilities of each system. The paper also provides an overview of her most recent artwork, The Human Skin Equivalent/Experience Project, which involves the creation of personal jewellery items incorporating human skin equivalent models grown from the artist's skin and participant cells. Referencing this project, and other contemporary bioart works, the value of ArtScience is discussed, focusing in particular on the way in which cross-art-science projects enable an alternative voice to enter into scientific dialogues and have the potential to yield outcomes valuable to both disciplines.

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