Pesticide runoff from greenhouse production

2010 ◽  
Vol 61 (6) ◽  
pp. 1373-1381 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger Roseth ◽  
Ketil haarstad
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Runoff ◽  
Pine Bark ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Sphagnum Moss ◽  
Column Experiments ◽  
Greenhouse Production ◽  
Risk Levels ◽  
Filter Materials ◽  
Oat Straw ◽  
Pesticide Runoff

A research has been undertaken studying pesticide residues in water from greenhouses and the use of soils and filter materials to reduce such losses. The pesticides detected in water samples collected downstream greenhouses include 9 fungicides, 5 herbicides and 4 insecticides. 10 compounds from flower and vegetable productions were frequently found to exceed environmental risk levels, and with a few exceptions the compounds were found in higher concentrations than those typically found in agricultural runoff. Some compounds were found in high concentrations (>1 μg/l) in undiluted runoff from greenhouses producing vegetables. Nutrient concentrations in the runoff were also sporadically very high, with phosphorous values varying between 0.85 and 7.4 mg P/l, and nitrogen values between 7.5 and 41.4 mg N/l. Undiluted runoff from the productions showed values of 60 mg P/l and 300 mg N/l. High values of pesticides correlated with high values of nutrients, especially P. Column experiments using a sandy agricultural soil and stock solutions of non-polar and slightly polar pesticides mixed with a complex binder and nutrients showed a significant reduction for nearly all of the compounds used, indicating that transport through soil will reduce the concentrations of the studied pesticides. The pesticide adsorption capacity of the filter materials pine bark, peat, Sphagnum moss, compost, oat straw, ferrous sand and clay soil were tested in batch and column experiments. Adsorption were studied contacting the filter materials with aqueous solutions containing greenhouse production pesticides. The batch experiments showed that pine bark and peat, both combining a high content of organic matter with a low ph, provided the highest adsorption for most of the tested pesticides. Sphagnum moss, compost and oat straw also showed high adsorption for most of the pesticides, while the mineral filters provided the lowest adsorption (30–55%). Further column experiments confirmed these results, displaying the best removal efficiency in the organic materials, varying from 200 μg/g in compost, to 500 μg/g in moss, straw and pine bark.

Nutrient pollution at the lower reaches of Mediterranean coastal rivers in Israel

2000 ◽  
Vol 42 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 147-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Herut ◽  
N. Kress ◽  
H. Hornung
Keyword(s):  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Agricultural Runoff ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
Industrial Wastes ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Contamination Level ◽  
Nutrient Load ◽  
Nutrient Loads ◽  
Discharge Data ◽  
Coastal Rivers

This study represents the first attempt to evaluate the nutrient load introduced into the coastal waters by the rivers along the Mediterranean coast of Israel. Measurements of nutrient concentrations (phosphate, ammonium, nitrate, nitrite, silicic acid) at two or three stations along the lower river reaches (11 rivers) were carried out annually from 1990 up to 1998. Combining the nutrient concentrations with the monthly riverine discharges we assessed the nutrient load. In general, most of the coastal rivers contain high nutrient contamination level, compared to the criteria adopted by NOAA (USA) for coastal river estuaries. The high degree of contamination is attributed to extreme low natural flow combined with the discharge of domestic and industrial wastes, and with agriculture runoff. In terms of nutrient concentrations, the Kishon River is the most polluted, followed by the Soreq, Poleg and Alexander Rivers. The preliminary estimate is that the coastal rivers transport between ~2000 to 6000 tons of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and between ~250–800 tons of dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) to the sea. An additional 3500 and 3000 tons of DIN and DIP, respectively, are supplied through the Kishon River. The load of the Poleg River is unknown (no discharge data) but expected to be significant based on nutrient concentration measured. The total load of the coastal rivers constitutes a major component among the other land-base point sources such as the Gush Dan outfall. Our estimate probably represents minimal values, as it does not include diffused input of agricultural runoff nor the riverine particulate and dissolved organic nutrient loads (which are unknown).

scholarly journals Storage Procedures Affect pH, Electrical Conductivity, and Nutrient Concentrations of Pour-through Leachate from Pine Bark and Peat-based Substrates

HortScience ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 55 (10) ◽  
pp. 1597-1604
Author(s):  
Andrea C. Landaverde ◽  
Jacob H. Shreckhise ◽  
James E. Altland
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Storage Time ◽  
Storage Temperature ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Pine Bark ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Nutrient Analysis ◽  
Preservation Methods ◽  
Total Dissolved Nitrogen

The pour-through (PT) method is used in greenhouse and nursery production to monitor nutrient availability in soilless substrates. Efficacy of this method is based on the assumption that chemical properties of extracted solutions remain stable from the moment of collection until analysis. Extracted substrate solution can be analyzed directly in the greenhouse or sent to laboratories for complete nutritional analysis; thus, proper sample preservation methods (e.g., filtration and low temperatures) are critical for reducing sample contamination or degradation during storage. However, evidence of how these preservation methods affect chemical characteristics of PT samples is limited. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of storage time, storage temperature, and filtration of PT samples on pH, electrical conductivity (EC), and nutrient concentrations from pine bark– and peat-based substrates. PT extracts were obtained from liquid-fertilized fallow pots of either 100% milled pine bark (Expt. 1) or a 4 sphagnum peat: 1 perlite (by volume) substrate (Expt. 2). Aliquots of PT extract were either filtered or nonfiltered and then stored in plastic bottles at −22, 4, or 20 °C. EC, pH, and nutrient concentrations were analyzed at 0, 1, 7, and 30 days after PT sample collection. EC and pH in PT extracts of peat and pine bark, respectively, changed 1 day after collection. Storage time had the greatest effect on nutrient concentrations of samples stored at 20 °C. However, at day 30, nutrient concentrations had also changed in samples stored at 4 and −22 °C. Analytes that fluctuated most in both experiments and across all preservation treatments were dissolved organic carbon, total dissolved nitrogen, NO3−-N, and PO43−-P, whereas Ca2+, Mg2+, and SO42−-S were more stable in PT samples. This research suggests EC and pH should be analyzed immediately, whereas samples requiring nutrient analysis should be filtered immediately after collection, stored at 4 or −22 °C (preferably −22 °C), and analyzed within 7 days of collection.

scholarly journals Blast furnace slag and pine bark as potential filter media for metal sorption from landfill leachate

2019 ◽  
pp. 325-333
Author(s):  
Lena Johansson Westholm
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Blast Furnace ◽  
Landfill Leachate ◽  
Blast Furnace Slag ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Pine Bark ◽  
Treatment Methods ◽  
Filter Materials ◽  
Landfill Sites ◽  
Furnace Slag

Heavy metals are commonly occurring in landfill leachate and in order to achieve theenvironmental goal about a non-toxic environment adopted by the Swedish Parliament, theleachate must be treated before being discharged into a nearby surface or groundwater body.There are several technical treatment options based on chemical, biological or physicalprocesses. Examples of these techniques are the SBR technique, oxidation and membranefiltration. These treatment methods are not always suitable at all landfill sites due toeconomical and/or technical constraints. Other treatment methods have therefore attractedattention. These methods, often natural based such as constructed wetland systems, are moreadapted to small landfill sites where high-tech and cost-demanding alternatives are not anoption. One natural based method that has attracted attention for leachate treatment in recentyears is the filter technique. It is based on the passage of a polluted water flow through a filtermedia with properties suitable for retention of heavy metals or other pollutants. A largenumber of different filter materials have been investigated with regard to their metal sorptioncapacity. The majority of these studies have been carried out in laboratory experiments ofdifferent kinds. Industrial by-products such as blast furnace slag and pine bark are filtermaterials that have been considered interesting for metal removal from landfill leachate. Aseries of laboratory experiments carried out as batch tests have therefore been conducted inorder to learn more about the potential of these filter materials to remove heavy metals fromlandfill leachate.

scholarly journals Response of Zonal and Ivy Geraniums to Root Medium pH

HortScience ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 1351-1355 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pauline H. Andrews ◽  
P. Allen Hammer
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Hydrated Lime ◽  
Pine Bark ◽  
Medium Ph ◽  
Greenhouse Production ◽  
Sphagnum Peat ◽  
Root Medium ◽  
Root Media

Three cultivars each of zonal geranium (Pelargonium ×hortorum `Candy Lavender', `Fireball', and `Patriot Red') and ivy geraniums (Pelargonium pelatum `Global Deep Lilac', `Global Salmon Rose', and `Global Soft Pink') were grown in root media with pHs varying from 4.3 to 7.8. In Expt. 1, a mixture of sphagnum peat, fine perlite, and fine pine bark was modified with limestone and hydrated lime at the following rates: 0, 1.2, 3.0, 4.7, and 11.9 kg·m–3 limestone; 11.9 limestone plus 5.9 hydrated lime; 11.9 limestone plus 8.3 hydrated lime; and 11.9 kg·m–3 limestone plus 10.7 kg·m–3 hydrated lime to give the various root medium pH treatments. Plants were grown for 11 weeks in glass greenhouses. In Expt. 2, plants were grown in two commercial soilless mixes with one being modified with the addition of 0 kg·m–3 limestone, 6.0 kg·m–3 limestone plus 0.6 kg·m–3 hydrated lime, and 6.0 kg·m–3 limestone plus 2.4 kg·m–3 hydrated lime. In both experiments, greatest dry weight was recorded in zonal and ivy geraniums plants grown at root medium pHs above 6.4. This study showed a root medium pH of 6.4 to 6.5 should be recommended for the greenhouse production of both zonal and ivy geraniums.

scholarly journals Soilless Media and Containers for Greenhouse Production of `Galia' Type Muskmelon

HortScience ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 1200-1205 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.C. Rodriguez ◽  
D.J. Cantliffe ◽  
N.L. Shaw ◽  
Z. Karchi
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Fruit Yield ◽  
Pine Bark ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Greenhouse Production ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Feasible Option ◽  
Polyethylene Bags ◽  
Reducing Costs ◽  
Solids Content

In the spring of 2001 and 2002, different combinations of media (coarse perlite, medium perlite, and pine bark) and containers (polyethylene bags and plastic pots) were used for hydroponic production of `Galia' muskmelons (Cucumis melo L.) to determine their effect on fruit yield and quality, and their influence on costs of production. Marketable yields obtained for `Gal-152' in the spring 2001 and 2002 were 25.5 kg·m–2 and 39.0 kg·m–2 respectively. When data were combined for 2001 and 2002, fruit yield and fruit quality were unaffected by any combination of media and container. Average soluble solids content was generally greater than 10° Brix. It was determined that the use of pine bark media and plastic pots instead of perlite and bags would save $18,200 per year (two crops)—a feasible option for reducing costs of producing `Galia' muskmelons in greenhouses using soilless culture without loss of yield and fruit quality.

scholarly journals Detention and Recycling Basins for Managing Nutrient and Pesticide Runoff from Nurseries

HortScience ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 393-398 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salvatore S. Mangiafico ◽  
Jay Gan ◽  
Laosheng Wu ◽  
Jianhang Lu ◽  
Julie P. Newman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Nutrient Loads ◽  
Construction Costs ◽  
Cost Efficient ◽  
Recycling Systems ◽  
Mass Loads ◽  
Pesticide Runoff ◽  
Precipitation Events

Production nurseries may be significant sources of nutrients and pesticides in runoff as a result of the intensity at which fertilizers, pesticides, and irrigation water are applied. Concentrations of nutrients and pesticides in runoff from production nurseries are not extensively documented. Runoff from 11 production nurseries in southern California using either recycling or detention basins was monitored for nutrients and pesticides. For six sites, runoff volume was determined and nutrient loads in runoff were calculated. Water use data, percentage of water recycled, and construction costs were determined for sites with recycling systems. Nutrient concentrations, mass loads, and pesticide detections in runoff from some sites would have been of concern without the implementation of detention or recycle basins. There were few differences in nutrient concentrations or pesticide detections between runoff from irrigation and that from precipitation events. This suggests the need for management practices and technologies that address runoff from both irrigation and precipitation events. Water use and cost data suggested that the implementation of recycling systems may be more beneficial and cost-efficient for larger facilities.

scholarly journals Macadamia Nutshell Biochar for Nitrate Removal: Effect of Biochar Preparation and Process Parameters

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salam Bakly ◽  
Raed A. Al-Juboori ◽  
Les Bowtell
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Time ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Nitrate Removal ◽  
Waste Product ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Agricultural Runoff ◽  
Operating Parameters ◽  
Column Experiments ◽  
23 Factorial Design ◽  
Removal Capacity

Agricultural runoff is a major cause of degradation to freshwater sources. Nitrate is of particular interest, due to the abundant use of nitrogen-based fertilizers in agricultural practices globally. This study investigated the nitrate removal of biochar produced from an agricultural waste product, macadamia nutshell (MBC). Kinetic experiments and structural analyses showed that MBC pyrolsed at 900 °C exhibited inferior NO3− removal compared to that pyrolsed at 1000 °C, which was subsequently used in the column experiments. Concentrations of 5, 10 and 15 mg/L, with flowrates of 2, 5 and 10 mL/min, were examined over a 360 min treatment time. Detailed statistical analyses were applied using 23 factorial design. Nitrate removal was significantly affected by flowrate, concentration and their interactions. The highest nitrate removal capacity of 0.11 mg/g MBC was achieved at a NO3− concentration of 15 mg/L and flowrate of 2 mL/min. The more crystalline structure and rough texture of MBC prepared at 1000 °C resulted in higher NO3− removal compared to MBC prepared at 900 °C. The operating parameters with the highest NO3− removal were used to study the removal capacity of the column. Breakthrough and exhaustion times of the column were 25 and 330 min respectively. Approximately 92% of the column bed was saturated after exhaustion.

scholarly journals Phytoplankton Drivers of Dissolved Organic Material Production in Colorado Reservoirs and the Formation of Disinfection By-Products

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alia L. Khan ◽  
Eric R. Sokol ◽  
Diane M. McKnight ◽  
James F. Saunders ◽  
Amanda K. Hohner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Fluorescence Spectroscopy ◽  
Predictive Models ◽  
Agricultural Runoff ◽  
The State ◽  
Phytoplankton Growth ◽  
Phosphorus Loading ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Chl A ◽  
High Concentrations

Previous studies have shown that algal-derived dissolved organic matter (DOM) has a strong influence on the formation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) during the treatment of drinking water. In the summer of 2010, we evaluated the role of nitrogen and phosphorus loading and phytoplankton abundance as drivers of the concentrations and quality of DOM and the associated DBP formation in 30 reservoirs in the mountains and plains of the State of Colorado. Optical properties such as Specific Ultraviolet Absorbance at 254 nm (SUVA254) and fluorescence spectroscopy were used to characterize DOM quality. Nutrient concentrations such as total nitrogen were also assessed and were associated with high concentrations of chlorophyll a (Chl-a). In turn, high total organic carbon (TOC) concentrations were associated with high concentrations of Chl-a, and the DOM in these reservoirs had a fluorescence signature indicative of contributions from phytoplankton growth. The reservoirs with TOC concentrations above 4 mgC/L were predominantly located in the plains and many are impacted by agricultural runoff and wastewater discharges, rather than in the mountains and are characterized by warm water conditions and shallow depths. For a subset of fourteen reservoirs, we characterized the composition of the phytoplankton using a rapid imaging microscopy technique and observed a dominance by filamentous Cyanobacteria in reservoirs with TOC concentrations above 4 mgC/L. The combination of high TOC concentrations with microbial characteristics resulted in high potential for production of two major classes of regulated DBPs, trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids. While fluorescence spectroscopy was useful in confirming the contribution of phytoplankton growth to high TOC concentrations, evaluation of predictive models for DBP yields found that all equally predictive models included SUVA254 and some of these models also included fluorescence indices or logTOC. These findings provide a limnological context in support of the recent guidelines that have been implemented for protection of high-quality drinking water supplies in the State of Colorado.

scholarly journals Quantifying the nutrient flux within a lowland karstic catchment

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 10221-10260
Author(s):  
T. McCormack ◽  
O. Naughton ◽  
P. M. Johnston ◽  
L. W. Gill
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Loading ◽  
Hydrological Model ◽  
Nutrient Flux ◽  
Agricultural Runoff ◽  
Nutrient Loss ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Main Process ◽  
Stable Conditions ◽  
Nitrogen Concentrations ◽  
Hydrological Functioning

Abstract. Nutrient contamination of surface and groundwaters is an issue of growing importance as the risks associated with agricultural runoff escalate due to increasing demands on global food production. In this study, the nutrient flux occurring within the surface and groundwaters of a lowland karst catchment in western Ireland was investigated with the aid of alkalinity sampling and a hydrological model. Water samples were tested from a variety of rivers, lakes (or turloughs), boreholes and springs at monthly intervals over three years. Alkalinity sampling was used to elucidate the contrasting hydrological functioning between different turloughs. Such disparate hydrological functioning was further investigated with the aid of a hydrological model which allowed for an estimate of allogenic and autogenic derived nutrient loading into the karst system. The model also allowed for an investigation of mixing within the turloughs, comparing observed behaviours with the hypothetical conservative behaviour allowed for by the model. Within the turloughs, nutrient concentrations were found to reduce over the flooded period, even though the turloughs hydrological functioning (and the hydrological model) suggested this should not occur. As such, it was determined that nutrient loss processes were occurring within the system. Denitrification during stable flooded periods (typically 3–4 months per year) was deemed to be the main process reducing nitrogen concentrations within the turloughs whereas phosphorus loss is thought to occur mostly via sedimentation and subsequent soil deposition. The results from this study suggest that, in stable conditions, ephemeral lakes can impart considerable nutrient losses on a karst groundwater system.

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