Removal of selected pharmaceuticals by chlorination, coagulation–sedimentation and powdered activated carbon treatment

2008 ◽  
Vol 58 (5) ◽  
pp. 1129-1135 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Simazaki ◽  
J. Fujiwara ◽  
S. Manabe ◽  
M. Matsuda ◽  
M. Asami ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Powdered Activated Carbon ◽  
Clofibric Acid ◽  
Batch Adsorption ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Initial Concentration ◽  
Carbon Treatment

Removal property of nine pharmaceuticals (clofibric acid, diclofenac, fenoprofen, gemfibrozil, ibuprofen, indomethacin, ketoprofen, naproxen and propyphenazone) by chlorination, coagulation–sedimentation and powdered activated carbon treatment was examined by laboratory-scale experiments under the conditions close to actual drinking water treatment processes. Indomethacin and propyphenazone were completely degraded by chlorination within 30 minutes, but others remained around 30% (naproxen and diclofenac) or more than 80% of the initial concentration after 24 hours. A couple of unidentified peaks in a chromatogram of the chlorinated samples suggested the formation of unknown chlorination by-products. Competitive adsorption was observed when the mixed solution of the target pharmaceuticals was subjected to batch adsorption test with powdered activated carbon. Clofibric acid and ibuprofen, which were relatively less hydrophobic among the nine compounds, persisted around 60% of the initial concentration after 3 hours of contact time. Removal performance in actual drinking water treatment would become lower due to existence of other competitive substances in raw water (e.g. natural organic matter). Coagulation–sedimentation using polyaluminium chloride hardly removed most of the pharmaceuticals even under its optimal dose for turbidity removal. It is suggested that the most part of pharmaceuticals in raw water might persist in the course of conventional drinking water treatments.

scholarly journals Removal of radio N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) from drinking water by coagulation and Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC) adsorption

2009 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Chung ◽  
Y. Yoon ◽  
M. Kim ◽  
S.-B. Lee ◽  
H.-J. Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Background Electrolyte ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Powdered Activated Carbon ◽  
Individual Treatment ◽  
Solution Ph ◽  
Treatment Processes

Abstract. The presence of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) in drinking water supplies has raised concern over its removal by common drinking water treatment processes. A simple detection method based on scintillation spectroscopy has been used to quantify the concentration of 14C-labeled NDMA at various ratios of sample to scintillation liquid. Without sample pretreatment, the method detection limits are 0.91, 0.98, 1.23, and 1.45 ng/L of NDMA at scintillation intensity ratios of 10:10, 5:15, 15:5, and 2.5:17.5 (sample: scintillation liquid), respectively. The scintillation intensity in all cases is linear (R2>0.99) and is in the range of 0 to 100 ng/L of NDMA. In addition, because scintillation intensity is independent of solution pH, conductivity, and background electrolyte ion types, a separate calibration curve is unnecessary for NDMA samples at different solution conditions. Bench-scale experiments were performed to simulate individual treatment processes, which include coagulation and adsorption by powdered activated carbon (PAC), as used in a drinking water treatment plant, and biosorption, a technique used in biological treatment of waste water. The commonly used coagulation process for particulate control and biosorption is ineffective for removing NDMA (<10% by coagulation and <20% by biosorption). However, high doses of PAC may be applied to remove NDMA.

Prediction of powdered activated carbon doses for 2-MIB removal in drinking water treatment using a simplified HSDM approach

Chemosphere ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 156 ◽  
pp. 374-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianwei Yu ◽  
Fong-Chen Yang ◽  
Wei-Nung Hung ◽  
Chia-Ling Liu ◽  
Min Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Powdered Activated Carbon

Comparison of biological activated carbon (BAC) and membrane bioreactor (MBR) for pollutants removal in drinking water treatment

2009 ◽  
Vol 60 (6) ◽  
pp. 1515-1523 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Y. Tian ◽  
Z. L. Chen ◽  
H. Liang ◽  
X. Li ◽  
Z. Z. Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Membrane Bioreactor ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Moderate Amount ◽  
Biological Activated Carbon ◽  
Hydrophobic Acids

Biological activated carbon (BAC) and membrane bioreactor (MBR) were systematically compared for the drinking water treatment from slightly polluted raw water under the same hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 0.5 h. MBR exhibited excellent turbidity removal capacity due to the separation of the membrane; while only 60% of influent turbidity was intercepted by BAC. Perfect nitrification was achieved by MBR with the 89% reduction in ammonia; by contrast, BAC only eliminated a moderate amount of influent ammonia (by 54.5%). However, BAC was able to remove more dissolved organic matter (DOM, especially for organic molecules of 3,000 ∼ 500 Daltons) and corresponding disinfection by-product formation potential (DBPFP) in raw water than MBR. Unfortunately, particulate organic matter (POM) was detected in the BAC effluent. On the other hand, BAC and MBR displayed essentially the same capacity for biodegradable organic matter (BOM) removal. Fractionation of DOM showed that the removal efficiencies of hydrophobic neutrals, hydrophobic acids, weakly hydrophobic acids and hydrophilic organic matter through BAC treatment were 11.7%, 8.8%, 13.9% and 4.8% higher than that through MBR; while MBR achieved 13.8% higher hydrophobic bases removal as compared with BAC.

scholarly journals Removal of radio N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) from drinking water by coagulation and Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC) adsorption

2009 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 49-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Chung ◽  
Y. Yoon ◽  
M. Kim ◽  
S.-B. Lee ◽  
H.-J. Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Background Electrolyte ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Powdered Activated Carbon ◽  
Individual Treatment ◽  
Solution Ph ◽  
Treatment Processes

Abstract. The presence of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) in drinking water supplies has raised concern over its removal by common drinking water treatment processes. However, only limited studies have been examined to evaluate the potential removal of NDMA by numerous water treatment technologies within a realistic range (i.e., sub μg/L) of NDMA levels in natural water due to analytical availability. In this study, a simple detection method based on scintillation spectroscopy has been used to quantify the concentration of 14C-labeled NDMA at various ratios of sample to scintillation liquid. Without sample pretreatment, the method detection limits are 0.91, 0.98, 1.23, and 1.45 ng/L of NDMA at scintillation intensity ratios of 10:10, 5:15, 15:5, and 2.5:17.5 (sample: scintillation liquid), respectively. The scintillation intensity in all cases is linear (R2>0.99) and is in the range of 0 to 100 ng/L of NDMA. In addition, because scintillation intensity is independent of solution pH, conductivity, and background electrolyte ion types, a separate calibration curve is unnecessary for NDMA samples at different solution conditions. Bench-scale experiments were performed to simulate individual treatment processes, which include coagulation and adsorption by powdered activated carbon (PAC), as used in a drinking water treatment plant, and biosorption, a technique used in biological treatment of waste water. The results show that coagulation and biosorption may not be appropriate mechanisms to remove NDMA (i.e., hydrophilic based on its low octanol-water partitioning coefficient, Log Kow=0.57). However, relatively high removal of NDMA (approximately 50%) was obtained by PAC at high PAC dosages and longer contact times.

Pilot plant study on ozonation and biological activated carbon process for drinking water treatment

1997 ◽  
Vol 35 (8) ◽  
pp. 21-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Woo Hang Kim ◽  
Wataru Nishijima ◽  
Eiji Shoto ◽  
Mitsumasa Okada
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Contact Time ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Suspended Solid ◽  
Residual Chlorine ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Activated Carbon Adsorption ◽  
Biological Activated Carbon

A study on advanced drinking water treatment was conducted in a pilot scale plant taking raw water from Minaga Reservoir, Japan. Ozonation-biological activated carbon process (O3-BAC), BAC process (BAC) and chlorination-granular activated carbon adsorption process (Cl2-GAC) were evaluated based on the following parameters; dissolved organic carbon (DOC), adsorbable DOC (ADOC) and biodegradable DOC (BDOC). The raw water used was pre-treated by biofiltration for suspended solid removal and biological treatment. Contact time for ozonation and chlorination was 24 min. Empty bed contact time of activated carbon column was 15 min. Ozone dosage was 3 mg • 1−1. Chlorination was carried out to maintain a residual chlorine concentration of 0.2 mg • 1−1. Effluent DOC from biofiltration consisted of mainly ADOC (90%) and BDOC (10%). Therefore, DOC was mainly removed by adsorption in all processes. However, biodegradable DOC increased by 20% after ozonation in O3-BAC and was removed effectively by the attached bacteria on the activated carbon. Significant differences in DOC removal were not noted among the three processes during 8 months of operation. After the saturation of activated carbon, the effluent DOC from the O3-BAC was lower than that from BAC and Cl2-GAC. Ozonation improved biodegradability of organic substances and effluent water quality by the following biodegradation of biodegradable DOC by biological activated carbon.

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