Development of indirect potable reuse in impacted areas of the United States

2007 ◽  
Vol 55 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 357-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.P. Jansen ◽  
M.K. Stenstrom ◽  
J. de Koning
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Water Reclamation ◽  
Potable Reuse ◽  
Indirect Potable Reuse ◽  
Legislative Review

This paper demonstrates the development of indirect potable reuse (IPR) in the United States. A legislative review and a survey of plants show that IPR is becoming an integral part of water reclamation. Public resistance is the limiting factor to its development while technology is not.

Regional and practice setting differences in the management of EGFR rash among mCRC patients treated with panitumumab: Results of a national survey in the United States.

2017 ◽  
Vol 35 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. e15170-e15170
Author(s):  
Kristina Hool ◽  
Kimberly Lowe ◽  
Tamer Garawin ◽  
Rachel Bergstresser ◽  
George Kafatos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Skin Toxicity ◽  
The United States ◽  
Physician Education ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Practice Setting ◽  
Nursing Support ◽  
Southern Us

e15170 Background: Skin toxicity can be a limiting factor for the use of anti-EGFR therapies, such as panitumumab, and there are currently no standard practice guidelines for rash management in the United States (U.S.). This study aimed to evaluate if there were regional or practice setting differences in strategies used among oncologists to manage EGFR rash, including utilization of dermatologic and nursing support. Methods: 250 practicing oncologists who had treated at least three mCRC patients with panitumumab in the last year completed an online survey to report their opinions and perceptions regarding skin toxicity management strategies. Participants reported if they were affiliated with an academic/university or a community-based practice. Participants were stratified into years of practice post-fellowship ( < 10 and > 10 years) and geographic region of primary practice (West, Midwest, Northeast, Southern U.S.). Results: Oncologists surveyed did not consistently utilize dermatology support. 40% (n = 99) of practicing oncologists surveyed reported consulting a dermatologist “occasionally.” Less than 5% reported “always” consulting dermatology and 6% reported “never” utilizing dermatology support. Utilization of dermatology support varied significantly by region. In the Southern US more oncologists reported “never” consulting dermatology while in the Midwest more oncologists reported “always” utilizing dermatology support (p = 0.05). While dermatology was inconsistently utilized, oncologists frequently utilized nursing support to minimize and manage anti-EGFR skin toxicity. 73% (n = 182) of oncologists engaged nursing support to “monitor skin toxicity during treatment” and 70% (n = 175) of oncologists had nursing support to “educate on skin toxicity prior to starting treatment.” Conclusions: While nursing support is consistently utilized by oncologists in the management of EGFR rash in mCRC patients treated with panitumumab, use of dermatology support was inconsistent and varied significantly by region. This lack of consistency in toxicity management strategies highlights the need for increased physician education.

African American Boxer Billy Clarke in Modernizing Guatemala

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alvis E. Dunn
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
African American ◽  
North American ◽  
Jim Crow ◽  
The United States ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Central American ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Guatemala City ◽  
American Nation

In the final decades of the 19th century the Central American nation of Guatemala represented some intriguing employment and entrepreneurial possibilities from the point of view of US citizens. The lure of coffee cultivation, mahogany harvesting, even mining was real. Additionally, the promise of employment building an inter-oceanic railroad resulted in significant numbers of African Americans journeying to Guatemala. The relocation offered good pay and many apparently believed that it would also take them to a place where Jim Crow racism was not the predominant and limiting factor that it was in the United States. For at least one of those men however, railroad work was not the primary enticement to the region. By 1893, such alleged opportunities in Guatemala had attracted the black athlete, entrepreneur, and entertainer Billy A. Clarke. During his two years in the country, with his sometime business partner and sparring mate, Rod Lewis, also an African American, Clarke operated a gymnasium where he taught the “Art of Pugilism,” staged several prize fights, and, for a time, captured the imagination of the capital city with the example of modern, imported entertainment and professional sports. Between 1892 and 1898, Guatemala was ruled by, first president, and later, dictator, General José María Reina Barrios. A globalizer enamored of modernization, European architecture, and North American technology, the environment fostered by Reina Barrios attracted not only contractors and African American workers from the United States to build railroads but also other foreigners who made for the Central American nation, bringing the outside world to the mile-high capital of Guatemala City. Into this setting came Billy A. Clarke, drawn by the same baseline possibilities of solid work and the prospect of less Jim Crow as his African American railroad compatriots, but with the additional promise that his individual skills as a fighter and promoter might reap even bigger rewards. The story of Clarke in Guatemala is one of race, identity, and creative self-promotion. Building an image that combined ideas of the exotic and powerful African with ideas of the North American armed with “know-how” and scientific fighting skills, Clarke became a Guatemala City celebrity and was eventually known as the “Champion of Central America.”

scholarly journals Economic Analysis of Broiler Litter as a Feed for steers

1978 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 69-72
Author(s):  
C. Stessen Thompson ◽  
D. L. Cross
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Economic Analysis ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
The United States ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Plant Nutrient ◽  
Traditional Use ◽  
Broiler Litter ◽  
Pollution Problem ◽  
Plant Nutrient Content

Approximately 50 million metric tons of poultry wastes are produced annually in the United States. Production of this byproduct is not without costs. Cost incurred for handling and disposal of broiler litter, for example, has been estimated to be .26c per kg of liveweight salable bird [1].Although costs are associated with this byproduct, it is not a source of revenue for many producers. The traditional use of litter has been as a fertilizer. However, for many poultry producers, land is a limiting factor. In some cases, the value of the plant nutrient content of the wastes does not justify their use instead of commercial fertilizers when handling costs are considered. Thus in many instances these wastes create a pollution problem and may be negatively priced.

scholarly journals Multi-criteria parameter estimation for the Unified Land Model

2012 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. 3029-3048 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Livneh ◽  
D. P. Lettenmaier
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Parameter Estimation ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
The United States ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Surface Model ◽  
United States Geological Survey ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Skill Scores

Abstract. We describe a parameter estimation framework for the Unified Land Model (ULM) that utilizes multiple independent data sets over the continental United States. These include a satellite-based evapotranspiration (ET) product based on MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites (GOES) imagery, an atmospheric-water balance based ET estimate that utilizes North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR) atmospheric fields, terrestrial water storage content (TWSC) data from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE), and streamflow (Q) primarily from the United States Geological Survey (USGS) stream gauges. The study domain includes 10 large-scale (≥105 km2) river basins and 250 smaller-scale (<104 km2) tributary basins. ULM, which is essentially a merger of the Noah Land Surface Model and Sacramento Soil Moisture Accounting Model, is the basis for these experiments. Calibrations were made using each of the data sets individually, in addition to combinations of multiple criteria, with multi-criteria skill scores computed for all cases. At large scales, calibration to Q resulted in the best overall performance, whereas certain combinations of ET and TWSC calibrations lead to large errors in other criteria. At small scales, about one-third of the basins had their highest Q performance from multi-criteria calibrations (to Q and ET) suggesting that traditional calibration to Q may benefit by supplementing observed Q with remote sensing estimates of ET. Model streamflow errors using optimized parameters were mostly due to over (under) estimation of low (high) flows. Overall, uncertainties in remote-sensing data proved to be a limiting factor in the utility of multi-criteria parameter estimation.

Reducing the Perceived Risk of e-Government Implementations

2012 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Andrew Whitmore ◽  
Namjoo Choi
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Risk Communication ◽  
Perceived Risk ◽  
The United States ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Social Amplification Of Risk ◽  
The Social ◽  
Risk Framework ◽  
Social Amplification ◽  
Probabilistic Risk

Perceived risk has been identified by the literature as a limiting factor in e-government adoption and success. However, there has been little effort spent examining how and why perceived risk comes to differ from actual probabilistic risk and the means by which the gap can be reduced. These questions were examined by applying the Social Amplification of Risk Framework to the case of e-government in the United States. Several factors that are known to exacerbate perceived risk were identified from the literature and shown to be in place in the United States. The presence of these factors suggests that more effective risk communication is required in order to realign perceived risk with probabilistic risk. Recommendations on how to improve e-government risk communication through technical and human means are provided.

EFFICIENCY OF FUNGICIDES IN THE SUPPRESSION OF Pseudoperonospora cubensis

2019 ◽  
pp. 487-493
Author(s):  
Milić Vojinović ◽  
Jelica Živić ◽  
Ivica Stančić1 ◽  
Sladjana Golubović ◽  
Sanja Perić
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
The United States ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Pseudoperonospora Cubensis ◽  
Pathogen Population ◽  
Additional Costs ◽  
Active Substances

Pseudoperonospora cubensis is one of the most important cucumber diseases. Its continued appearance in most parts of Europe, Asia and the United States and its persistence represent a significant threat to the production of cucumbers around the world. Although the disease has been successfully suppressed for many years, severe epidemics have been reported since 2004, especially in the United States (Ivanović, M. et al. 2001). Whether this is the result of a change in the pathogen population or changes in the environment, it is currently unknown. The control of the Pseudoperonospora cubensis relies on the application of fungicide and the resistance of the host itself to the pathogen. Nonetheless, the resistance of Ps. Cubensis is recorded worldwide, and host resistance is no longer sufficient to control the disease as it once was possible. Additional costs on fungicides, along with the potential loss of yield and up to 100% caused by the Pseudoperonospora cubensis, endanger the long-term sustainability of cucumber production (Đurovka, 2001). Knowledge of Ps. cubensis, its epidemiology, the process of infection and genetics of the population is currently lacking, which is why it is necessary to encourage future efforts for the development of resistant sorts as well as fungicides in order to successfully combat Pseudoperonospora cubensis (Ivanović, et al. 2007). Researching this pathogen can help us understand it, and develop effective measures for diagnosing and suppressing Ps. cubensis. In addition to preventive measures in the protection of cucumbers against plant diseases, the efficiency of fungicides, which suppress Pseudoperonospora cubensis, is a limiting factor in cucumber production. Pesticides with the following active substances were used in the study: propineb, metalaxyl + mancozeb, metiram, dimethomorph + mancozeb, azoxystrobin, amethotradine + dimethomorph, azoxystrobin, fluazinam (Vojinović 2014, Vojinović 2015.). The efficiency of the tested fungicides was calculated according to Abbot's formula, and it is 92-97% (Table 1.).

scholarly journals Effects of Daily Temperature Highs on Development of Phakopsora pachyrhizi on Soybean

2012 ◽  
Vol 102 (8) ◽  
pp. 761-768 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. Bonde ◽  
S. E. Nester ◽  
D. K. Berner
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Southeastern United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Daily Temperature ◽  
Soybean Rust ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Climatic Data ◽  
Phakopsora Pachyrhizi ◽  
Diurnal Temperature ◽  
National Climatic Data Center

Although considerable information exists regarding the importance of moisture in the development of soybean rust, little is known about the influence of temperature. The purpose of our study was to determine whether temperature might be a significant limiting factor in the development of soybean rust in the southeastern United States. Soybean plants infected with Phakopsora pachyrhizi were incubated in temperature-controlled growth chambers simulating day and night diurnal temperature patterns representative of the southeastern United States during the growing season. At 3-day intervals beginning 12 days after inoculation, urediniospores were collected from each plant and counted. The highest numbers of urediniospores were produced when day temperatures peaked at 21 or 25°C and night temperatures dipped to 8 or 12°C. When day temperatures peaked at 29, 33, or 37°C for a minimum of 1 h/day, urediniospore production was reduced to 36, 19, and 0%, respectively, compared with urediniospore production at the optimum diurnal temperature conditions. Essentially, no lesions developed when the daily temperature high was 37°C or above. Temperature data obtained from the National Climatic Data Center showed that temperature highs during July and August in several southeastern states were too high for significant urediniospore production on 55 to 77% of days. The inhibition of temperature highs on soybean rust development in southeastern states not only limits disease locally but also has implications pertaining to spread of soybean rust into and development of disease in the major soybean-producing regions of the Midwestern and northern states. We concluded from our results that temperature highs common to southeastern states are a factor in the delay or absence of soybean rust in much of the United States.

scholarly journals Public acceptability of indirect potable water reuse in the south-east of England

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 875-885 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victoria Aitken ◽  
Sarah Bell ◽  
Sian Hills ◽  
Lucy Rees
Keyword(s):  
Water Reuse ◽  
Public Perception ◽  
Public Attitudes ◽  
Belief System ◽  
Feasibility Studies ◽  
The United States ◽  
The South ◽  
Potable Reuse ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Indirect Potable Reuse

Public controversy over planned indirect potable reuse of wastewater has been a significant obstacle to implementing proposed schemes in the United States and Australia. Surveys of public attitudes to water reuse have generally shown lower acceptance of indirect potable reuse compared with other reuse options, such as irrigation. The south-east of England is projected to experience a shortfall in water supply by 2020 and the largest water utility in the region, Thames Water, is investigating indirect potable reuse as a potential new supply option. The indirect potable reuse feasibility studies include evaluation of the technology options and water quality as well as detailed consideration of public perception issues. As part of the work to address the latter, 2,000 Thames Water customers participated in an on-line survey of their attitudes to indirect potable reuse. The survey showed overall support for the idea of indirect potable reuse. The only demographic factor to show any significant difference from the whole sample was belief system, with Muslim respondents showing significantly less support than other groups. The survey results indicate that indirect potable reuse may be socially acceptable in the south-east of England, but that public engagement and participation in future decision making about indirect potable reuse will be important for the success of any particular proposal.

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