Dynamic digital image analysis: emerging technology for particle characterization

2004 ◽  
Vol 50 (12) ◽  
pp. 19-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Rabinski ◽  
D. Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Digital Image Analysis ◽  
Visual Analysis ◽  
Dynamic Imaging ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Particle Sizes ◽  
Particle Characterization ◽  
Imaging Analysis ◽  
Wide Range

The feasibility of applying dynamic imaging analysis technology to particle characterization has been evaluated for application in the water sector. A system has been developed which captures in-situ images of suspended particles in a flowing sample stream and analyzes these images in real time to determine particle size and concentration. The technology can measure samples having a wide range of particle sizes (∼1.5 to 1,000 μm equivalent circular diameter) and concentrations (<1 to >1 million/ml). The system also provides magnified images of particles for visual analysis of properties such as size, shape and grayscale level. There are no sample preparation requirements and statistically accurate results are produced in less than three minutes per sample. The overall system architecture is described. The major design challenges in developing a practical system include obtaining adequate contrast for the range of particle materials found in typical water samples and achieving this under operating conditions permitting an adequate sample processing rate for real time feedback of results. Performance of the instrument is reported in reference to industry accepted particle standards and applications as an analytical tool for the water industries are considered.

Influence of operating conditions on population dynamics in nitrifying biofilms

1999 ◽  
Vol 39 (7) ◽  
pp. 5-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentina Lazarova ◽  
Danièle Bellahcen ◽  
Jacques Manem ◽  
David A. Stahl ◽  
Bruce E. Rittmann
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Ammonia Oxidation ◽  
Biofilm Reactor ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Stable Operation ◽  
N Removal ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Total Nitrogen Removal ◽  
Nitrite Oxidizers

TURBO N® is a circulating-bed biofilm reactor that provides stable operation and high N removal for a wide range of N and BOD loadings. This paper describes the influence of operating conditions on biofilm composition and population dynamics when the TURBO N® is operated to achieve tertiary nitrification, simultaneous carbon and ammonia oxidation and total nitrogen removal when coupled with a pre-denitrification fixed floating bed reactor. In situ specific nitrification rates and respiration tests showed that ammonium and nitrite oxidizers became less active in the biofilm once oxidation of influent BOD became important. Analyses of community structure with oligonucleotide probes targeted to the 16S rRNA showed the same general trends for nitrifiers, but also suggested shifts in the makeup of the ammonium and nitrite oxidizers that could not be detected with respirometry or specific nitrification rates.

scholarly journals A Sparse Representation Classification Approach for Near Real-Time, Physics-Based Functional Monitoring of Aerosol Jet-Fabricated Electronics

2020 ◽  
Vol 142 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Roozbeh (Ross) Salary ◽  
Jack P. Lombardi ◽  
Darshana L. Weerawarne ◽  
M. Samie Tootooni ◽  
Prahalada K. Rao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sparse Representation ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Functional Properties ◽  
Printed Electronics ◽  
Imaging System ◽  
Monitoring And Control ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Sparse Representation Classification ◽  
Aerosol Jet Printing

Abstract Aerosol jet printing (AJP) is a direct-write additive manufacturing (AM) method, emerging as the process of choice for the fabrication of a broad spectrum of electronics, such as sensors, transistors, and optoelectronic devices. However, AJP is a highly complex process, prone to intrinsic gradual drifts. Consequently, real-time process monitoring and control in AJP is a bourgeoning need. The goal of this work is to establish an integrated, smart platform for in situ and real-time monitoring of the functional properties of AJ-printed electronics. In pursuit of this goal, the objective is to forward a multiple-input, single-output (MISO) intelligent learning model—based on sparse representation classification (SRC)—to estimate the functional properties (e.g., resistance) in situ as well as in real-time. The aim is to classify the resistance of printed electronic traces (lines) as a function of AJP process parameters and the trace morphology characteristics (e.g., line width, thickness, and cross-sectional area (CSA)). To realize this objective, line morphology is captured using a series of images, acquired: (i) in situ via an integrated high-resolution imaging system and (ii) in real-time via the AJP standard process monitor camera. Utilizing image processing algorithms developed in-house, a wide range of 2D and 3D morphology features are extracted, constituting the primary source of data for the training, validation, and testing of the SRC model. The four-point probe method (also known as Kelvin sensing) is used to measure the resistance of the deposited traces and as a result, to define a priori class labels. The results of this study exhibited that using the presented approach, the resistance (and potentially, other functional properties) of printed electronics can be estimated both in situ and in real-time with an accuracy of ≥ 90%.

Real-Time Burst Signal Removal Using Multicolor Pyrometry Based Filter for Improved Jet Engine Control

2015 ◽  
Vol 137 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Guanghua Wang ◽  
Jordi Estevadeordal ◽  
Nirm Nirmalan ◽  
Sean P. Harper
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Engine Control ◽  
Jet Engines ◽  
Jet Engine ◽  
Root Cause ◽  
Control Functions ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Voltage Signal ◽  
And Control

Online line-of-sight (LOS) pyrometer is used on certain jet engines for diagnosis and control functions such as hot-blade detection, high-temperature limiting, and condition-based monitoring. Hot particulate bursts generated from jet engine combustor at certain running conditions lead to intermittent high-voltage signal outputs from the LOS pyrometer which is ultimately used by the onboard digital engine controller (DEC). To study the nature of hot particulates and enable LOS pyrometer functioning under burst conditions, a multicolor pyrometry (MCP) system was developed under DARPA funded program and tested on an aircraft jet engine. Soot particles generated as byproduct of combustion under certain conditions was identified as the root cause for the signal burst in a previous study. The apparent emissivity was then used to remove burst signals. In current study, the physics based filter with MCP algorithm using apparent emissivity was further extended to real-time engine control by removing burst signals at real time (1 MHz) and at engine DEC data rate. Simulink models are used to simulate the performances of the filter designs under engine normal and burst conditions. The results are compared with current LOS pyrometer results and show great advantage. The proposed model enables new LOS pyrometer design for improved engine control over wide range of operating conditions.

Evaluation of an integrated hydrocarbon sensor array system for the detection of dissolved oil components in sea water and its potential application in seepage exploration

2010 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 724
Author(s):  
Xiubin Qi ◽  
Emma Crooke ◽  
Andrew Ross ◽  
Charlotte Stalvies ◽  
Trevor Bastow ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Sensor Array ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Laboratory Evaluation ◽  
Sea Bed ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Oil Components

Marine surveys for the detection of naturally seeping hydrocarbons require a wide range of complementary remote sensing and geochemical techniques in order to achieve reliable data interpretation and prediction. Compared with current geochemical techniques such as sniffers and sea bed head space gas analysis, oil-in-water hydrocarbon sensors can provide real-time chemical information. The use of these sensors, in combination with current methods, offers a potentially important aid in achieving an integrated approach. In this study, CSIRO Petroleum has constructed a hydrocarbon sensors array that is composed of three groups of sensors that target volatile mono-aromatic hydrocarbons, poly-aromatic hydrocarbons at low concentration and oil films, respectively. This configuration allows us to have a comprehensive map of hydrocarbon distribution in water samples in real time. The variety of response times, sensitivities and operating conditions of the sensing devices has been considered, in order to design a flow tank and develop suitable monitoring and control software for the array. Chemometric tools such as principle component analysis (PCA) are used for data analysis and prediction model creation.Results will be presented from the evaluation measurements carried out in three stages. These include: laboratory evaluation of the sensor array to the dissolved oil components of a series of crude oil samples in synthetic sea water; sensor responses to natural sea water samples; and, initial field studies during surveys in Australian sea waters. To our knowledge, there have been no previously recorded instances of using such a hydrocarbon sensor array for oil and gas exploration.

Real-Time Burst Signal Removal Using Multi-Color Pyrometry Based Filter for Improved Jet Engine Control

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guanghua Wang ◽  
Jordi Estevadeordal ◽  
Sean P. Harper ◽  
Nirm Nirmalan
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Engine Control ◽  
Jet Engines ◽  
Jet Engine ◽  
Root Cause ◽  
Control Functions ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Voltage Signal ◽  
And Control

Online line-of-sight (LOS) pyrometer is used on certain jet engines for diagnosis and control functions such as hot-blade detection, high-temperature limiting, and condition-based monitoring. Hot particulate bursts generated from jet engine combustor at certain running conditions lead to intermittent high-voltage signal outputs from the LOS pyrometer which is ultimately used by the onboard Digital Engine Controller (DEC). To study the nature of hot particulates and enable LOS pyrometer functioning under burst conditions, a Multi-Color Pyrometry (MCP) system was developed under DARPA funded program and tested on an aircraft jet engine. Soot particles generated as by-product of combustion under certain conditions was identified as the root cause for the signal burst in a previous study. The apparent emissivity was then used to remove burst signals. In current study, the physics based filter with MCP algorithm using apparent emissivity was further extended to real-time engine control by removing burst signals at real time (1MHz) and at engine DEC data rate. Simulink models are used to simulate the performances of the filter designs under engine normal and burst conditions. The results are compared with current LOS pyrometer results and show great advantage. The proposed model enables new LOS pyrometer design for improved engine control over wide range of operating conditions.

scholarly journals In situ nano- to microscopic imaging and growth mechanism of electrochemical dissolution (e.g., corrosion) of a confined metal surface

2017 ◽  
Vol 114 (36) ◽  
pp. 9541-9546 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Merola ◽  
H.-W. Cheng ◽  
K. Schwenzfeier ◽  
K. Kristiansen ◽  
Y.-J. Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Crevice Corrosion ◽  
Inorganic Materials ◽  
General Mechanism ◽  
Surface Forces Apparatus ◽  
Metallic Surfaces ◽  
Pit Formation ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Sudden Appearance

Reactivity in confinement is central to a wide range of applications and systems, yet it is notoriously difficult to probe reactions in confined spaces in real time. Using a modified electrochemical surface forces apparatus (EC-SFA) on confined metallic surfaces, we observe in situ nano- to microscale dissolution and pit formation (qualitatively similar to previous observation on nonmetallic surfaces, e.g., silica) in well-defined geometries in environments relevant to corrosion processes. We follow “crevice corrosion” processes in real time in different pH-neutral NaCl solutions and applied surface potentials of nickel (vs. Ag|AgCl electrode in solution) for the mica–nickel confined interface of total area ∼0.03 mm2. The initial corrosion proceeds as self-catalyzed pitting, visualized by the sudden appearance of circular pits with uniform diameters of 6–7 μm and depth ∼2–3 nm. At concentrations above 10 mM NaCl, pitting is initiated at the outer rim of the confined zone, while below 10 mM NaCl, pitting is initiated inside the confined zone. We compare statistical analysis of growth kinetics and shape evolution of individual nanoscale deep pits with estimates from macroscopic experiments to study initial pit growth and propagation. Our data and experimental techniques reveal a mechanism that suggests initial corrosion results in formation of an aggressive interfacial electrolyte that rapidly accelerates pitting, similar to crack initiation and propagation within the confined area. These results support a general mechanism for nanoscale material degradation and dissolution (e.g., crevice corrosion) of polycrystalline nonnoble metals, alloys, and inorganic materials within confined interfaces.

scholarly journals Real-time strain monitoring and damage detection of composites in different directions of the applied load using a microscale flexible Nylon/Ag strain sensor

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 885-901 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yumna Qureshi ◽  
Mostapha Tarfaoui ◽  
Khalil K Lafdi ◽  
Khalid Lafdi
Keyword(s):  
Damage Detection ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Electrical Response ◽  
Strain Sensor ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Gauge Factor ◽  
Coating Film ◽  
Damage Initiation ◽  
Flexible Strain Sensor

Composites are prone to failure during operating conditions and that is why vast research studies have been carried out to develop in situ sensors and monitoring systems to avoid their catastrophic failure and repairing cost. The aim of this research article was to develop a flexible strain sensor wire for real-time monitoring and damage detection in the composites when subjected to operational loads. This flexible strain sensor wire was developed by depositing conductive silver (Ag) nanoparticles on the surface of nylon (Ny) yarn by electroless plating process to achieve smallest uniform coating film without jeopardizing the integrity of each material. The sensitivity of this Nylon/Ag strain sensor wire was calculated experimentally, and gauge factor was found to be in the range of 21–25. Then, the Nylon/Ag strain sensor wire was inserted into each composite specimen at different positions intentionally during fabrication depending upon the type of damage to detect. The specimens were subjected to tensile loading at a strain rate of 2 mm/min. Overall mechanical response of composite specimens and electrical response signal of the Nylon/Ag strain sensor wire showed good reproducibility in results; however, the Nylon/Ag sensor showed a specific change in resistance in each direction because of the respective position. The strain sensor wire designed not only monitored the change in the mechanical behavior of the specimen during the elongation and detected the strain deformation but also identified the type of damage, whether it was compressive or tensile. This sensor wire showed good potential as a flexible reinforcement in composite materials for in situ structural health monitoring applications and detection of damage initiation before it can become fatal.

scholarly journals CO₂Measured In The Gas Phase As An Indicator Of Biofilm Metabolism

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marthinus Kroukamp
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Biofilm Reactor ◽  
Adaptive Behaviour ◽  
Community Members ◽  
Measurement Systems ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Simple Technology ◽  
Biofilm Development

The behaviour of microorganisms in biofilms is uniquely dependent on their location within the biofilm-matrix and the dynamic interplay between the countless microenvironments that is in constant flux because of physiochemical and inter-cell exchanges. To study microorganisms in the biofilm environment, the above mentioned heterogeneity forces any researcher to either focus on micro-niches (whose data may or may not be suitable for extrapolation to infer information about the whole) or stand back and study a global biofilm parameter (as a sum-total of micro-behaviours but losing information about the diversity). Either way, the positional dependence of behaviour arguably favours in situ studies with the least amount of disruption whether physical or the addition of chemicals. A simple technology was developed to measure in situ biofilm CO₂ production as an indication of overall metabolism, in real-time and non-destructively. The first system developed was a carbon dioxide evolution measurement system (CEMS) with biofilms growing on the inside of a CO₂ and O₂permeable silicone tube with quantification of microbially produced CO₂transferred across the tube wall could. The concept of measuring biofilm CO₂was subsequently expanded to accommodate any biofilm reactor by measuring CO₂in the reactor effluent. By monitoring CO₂the advantage is that aerobic and anaerobic metabolism can be tracked with an combination of microbial community members with varying growth conditions such as temperature and nutrient composition. It furthermore allows the setup of carbon balance over a reactor system to address fundamental biofilm aspects such as percentages of inflowing nutrients used for respiration or quantification of "missing" carbon fractions. The ability to measure metabolism in real-time provides insight into both steady state and transient biofilm responses to changes in their environment while the non-destructive nature of the technique gives the opportunity to determine the possibility of adaptive behaviour in the same biofilm after repeated exposure. Practical applicability of these measurement systems has been demonstrated in a wide range of biofilm related phenomena such as the areas of biofilm architecture, biofilm development and biofilm resilience after physical and antimicrobial attacks.

scholarly journals A numerical methodology for thermo-fluid dynamic modelling of tyre inner chamber: towards real time applications

Meccanica ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 549-567
Author(s):  
Luigi Teodosio ◽  
Giuseppe Alferi ◽  
Andrea Genovese ◽  
Flavio Farroni ◽  
Benedetto Mele ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Performance Optimization ◽  
Thermal Model ◽  
Thermal Flux ◽  
3D Structure ◽  
Dynamic Modelling ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Brake Disc ◽  
Cfd Model ◽  
Wide Range

AbstractThe characterization and reproduction of tyre behaviour for vehicle modelling is a topic of particular interest both for real-time driver in the loop simulations and for offline performance optimization algorithms. Since the accuracy of the tyre forces and moments can be achieved by the accurate physical modelling of all the phenomena concerning the tyre-road interaction, the link between the tyre thermal state and the tyre frictional performance turns into a crucial factor. An integrated numerical methodology, allowing to couple the full 3D CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) flux within the internal chamber of the tyre with an equivalent discrete 3D structure model, is proposed with the aim to completely represent the tyre thermodynamic convective behaviour in the steady-state operating conditions. 3D CFD model enables the evaluation of the internal distribution of the gas temperature and of the thermal powers exchanged at each sub-wall in detail. This allows to increase the reliability of the tyre thermodynamic modelling with a particular reference to the proper managing of the aero-thermal flow of the brake disc impact on the rim temperature and therefore on the internal gas dynamics in terms of temperature and pressure, being able to optimize the tyre overall dynamic performance in both warm-up and stabilized thermal conditions. The steady RANS (Reynolds Averaged Navier–Stokes) simulations have been performed employing the 3D CFD model in a wide range of angular velocities with the aim to calculate the convective thermal flux distributions upon rim and inner liner surfaces. The simulation results have been then exploited to derive the convective heat transfer coefficients per each sub domain to be employed within the real-time tyre physical thermal model, with the peculiar advantage of an enhanced model reliability for thermal characteristics. To validate the proposed methodology, the tyre thermal model outputs, in terms of temperatures of internal and external layers, have been validated towards the acquired ones within the specific routine performed on tyre force and moment test bench, confirming an excellent agreement with the experimental data in the entire range of operating conditions explored.

Design of real-time filter for the wheel force transducer

Sensor Review ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 174-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dong Wang ◽  
Guoyu Lin ◽  
Weigong Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Kalman Filter ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Nonlinear Filtering ◽  
Unscented Kalman Filter ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Test Bed ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Real ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Real Vehicle

Purpose – Wheel force transducers (WFTs) have performance characteristics that make them attractive for applications in endurance evaluation of road vehicles, ride and handling optimization, tire development and vehicle dynamics. As a WFT is mounted on the the driven wheel, the loads on the wheel and the outputs of WFTs are usually nonlinearly related. Thus, a real-time filter is needed to measure the true loads on the wheel. Design/methodology/approach – In this paper, a new nonlinear filtering algorithm utilizing quadrature Kalman filter (QKF) is proposed to track the actual loads in real time through establishing the specific observation equations with Singer models. Findings – The simulation results show that the accuracy and the rapidity of QKF outperforms the capability of the unscented Kalman filter (UKF). Then, the dynamic tests on the MTS testing platform give the comparisons between the real-time QKF and the wavelet transform, where the former has superior dynamic accuracy. Finally, the practical tests of shifting and braking on a real vehicle confirm the effectiveness of QKF, which further validates the proposed method fitting reality. Originality/value – In this paper, a newly improved algorithm with QKF for WFT has been proposed and tested experimentally. As the wheel loads are always time-varying and complex, introducing Gaussian noise in the outputs of the transducer, WFT-suitable Singer model and WFT measurement equation base on a QKF are established. The experiment results show that QKF has advanced performance than the traditional UKF. Also, the road wheel test bed produced by MTS has been exploited as the test platform to demonstrate the dynamic efficiency of the proposed real-time filter under various operating conditions for a wide range of loads. And, the practical tests with the real vehicle are accomplished to verify the value and effectiveness of the proposed method.

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