Applying sustainable water management concepts in rural and urban areas: some thoughts about reasons, means and needs

2004 ◽  
Vol 49 (7) ◽  
pp. 7-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.A. Wilderer
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Classical System ◽  
Political Stability ◽  
High Tech ◽  
World Population ◽  
Management Concepts ◽  
The World ◽  
Water Supply And Sanitation

Serving the world population with adequate drinking water and sanitation is an important prerequisite, not only to hygienic safety, but to prosperity and political stability as well, and will foster the adaptive capacity of the societies in the developing countries and beyond. To avoid hygienic and political disasters impacting the world economy, investment in water supply and sanitation must urgently be made. Whether the classical system of urban water supply and sanitation is appropriate to satisfy the needs of the developing world, however, and whether this system meets the general criteria of sustainability is questionable. The costs and the time needed for installation of sewers and wastewater treatment plants are tremendous. In water shortage areas, the amount of tap water required to transport pollutants to the treatment plant is hardly affordable. Recovery and re-introduction of valuable substances, including water, into the urban cycle of materials is impossible because of mixing and dilution effects inherent in the system. Decentralized water and wastewater management should be seriously taken into account as an alternative. Source separation of specific fractions of domestic and industrial wastewater, separate treatment of these fractions and recovery of water and raw materials including fertilizer and energy are the main characteristics of modern high-tech on-site treatment/reuse systems. Mass production of the key components of the system could reduce the costs of the treatment units to a reasonable level. On-site units could be installed independently of the development stage of the urban sewer system. In conjunction with building new housing complexes a stepwise improvement of the hygienic situation in urban and peri-urban areas could be achieved, therefore. Remote control of the satellite systems using modern telecommunication methods would allow reliable operation, and comfort for the users. Intensive research is required, however, to develop this system and bring it to a standard allowing efficient application worldwide.

scholarly journals Montanhas em um mundo plano: porque a proximidade ainda importa para a localização da atividade econômica

2009 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 9
Author(s):  
Andrés Rodríguez-Pose ◽  
Riccardo Crescenzi
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
New Economic Geography ◽  
World Population ◽  
Capital Social ◽  
Playing Field ◽  
The World ◽  
Tectonic Forces ◽  
The City ◽  
Innovative Capacity ◽  
Backward And Forward Linkages

Thomas Friedman (2005) argumenta que a expansão do comércio, a internacionalização das firmas, o crescimento acelerado do processo de outsourcing e a possibilidade de conexão em redes a custos cada vez mais baixos estão criando um “mundo plano”: um campo competitivo de condições homogêneas de concorrência no qual os indivíduos têm maior poder e melhores condições de vida. Este artigo desafia essa visão do mundo, argumentando que embora a globalização traga mudanças, oportunidades e desafios, nem todos os territórios têm a mesma capacidade de maximizar os benefícios e as oportunidades e de minimizaras ameaças circundantes. Numerosas forças estão se fundindo no sentido de provocar a emergência de “montanhas” urbanas, onde a riqueza, a atividade econômica e a capacidade de inovação se aglomeram. Estas forças “tectônicas” incluem fatores como a inovação, os transbordamentos, os encadeamentos para trás e para frente nas cadeias produtivas, a dinâmica de especialização versus diversificação, o capital social e comunitário e, por último, mas não menos importante, o “buzz” da cidade. As interações destas forças na proximidade geográfica das grandes áreas urbanas dão forma a uma geografia muito mais complexa da economia mundial e permitem a ascensão de novos players econômicos. Mas esta geografia, ao contrário de ser plana, é repleta de montanhas, em que as grandes aglomerações urbanas representam os picos mais altos. A maioria da população mundial, ao contrário de ter maior poder, permanece mal preparada para encarar estes desafios. Palavras-chave: progresso tecnológico; nova geografia econômica; vantagem competitiva. Abstract: Thomas Friedman (2005) argues that the expansion of trade, the internationalization of firms, the galloping process of outsourcing, and the possibility of networking at increasingly low prices is creating a ‘flat world’: a level playing field where individuals are empowered and better off. This paper challenges this view of the world by arguing that although globalization implies changes, opportunities, and threats, not all territories have the same capacity to maximize the benefits and opportunities and minimize the threats at hand. Numerous forces are coalescing in order to provoke the emergence of urban “mountains” where wealth, economic activity, and innovative capacity agglomerate. These “tectonic” forces include factors such as innovation, spill overs, backward and forward linkages, specialisation vs. diversification dynamics, community and social capital, and, last but not least, the buzz of the city. The interactions of these forces in the close geographical proximity of large urban areas give shape to a much more complex geography of the world economy and allows for new economic players to emerge. But this geography, rather than flat, is full of mountains, with large urban agglomerations representing the highest peaks. The majority of the world population, far from being empowered, remains ill-prepared to face these challenges. Keywords: technological progress; new economic geography; competitive advantage.

scholarly journals Parking System for Smart Cities

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2S11) ◽  
pp. 3535-3538
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Traffic Management ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
High Tech ◽  
World Population ◽  
Public Places ◽  
Contemporary World ◽  
Shopping Centre ◽  
The Government ◽  
Best Fit

As we know due to increase in world population there is an increase in problems related to locomotive management, especially in urban areas. Being in contemporary world everyone faces a lot of problems every mundane morning with the traffic , which is inexorable. Even if the government becomes prodigal enough to spend on traffic management, it will not solve this problem easily. So the best solution to solve this is to solve the horrendous parking problem. Parking solution proposed by us is easy to implement. In this we have used sensors like IR sensor, RFID sensor to find vacant parking slot available. Here the driver can find the vacant slot using an application on mobile. This solution saves time and cost also it is tangible, flexible and also caters security. The application of our proposed system is best fit for places like shopping centre, High-tech business areas , public places etc

scholarly journals Affordability of water supply in Mongolia: empirical lessons for measuring affordability

Water Policy ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik Gawel ◽  
Katja Sigel ◽  
Wolfgang Bretschneider
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Water Policy ◽  
Policy Issue ◽  
Household Data ◽  
The World ◽  
Residual Income Approach ◽  
Insight Into

Affordability of water services is a pressing water policy issue for both the developed and, in particular, for the developing world. Despite its well-known theoretical shortcomings, affordability analysis of water supply has, up to now, been widely based on the ratio of a household's water expenditure to its income, the Conventional Affordability Ratio (CAR). However, in the housing sector, alternative concepts for measuring affordability have been developed, among them being the ‘Potential Affordability Approach’ (PAA) and the ‘Residual Income Approach’ (RIA). Against this background, this paper compares these three prominent affordability measures (CAR, PAA, RIA) on the basis of an empirical case study of a peri-urban, low-income area in the second largest Mongolian city of Darkhan, using household data from a survey conducted in 2009. Thus we gain insight into both the water-related affordability situation of people in Mongolia, checking the World Bank's finding of an absence of water affordability problems in peri-urban areas in the Mongolian capital Ulaanbaatar, as well as into the comparative functionality of different affordability measures. It is shown that affordability problems do occur but have to be distinguished depending on the economic causation. We argue that none of the regarded measures give a satisfyingly contoured notion of affordability properly distinguished from the adjacent problems of poverty and access.

THE EFFECTS OF WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION ON CHILDHOOD MORTALITY IN URBAN ERITREA

2000 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
GEBREMARIAM WOLDEMICAEL
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Neonatal Period ◽  
Childhood Mortality ◽  
Central Question ◽  
Environment Effect ◽  
Piped Water ◽  
Toilet Facility ◽  
Household Environment ◽  
Water Supply And Sanitation

Child mortality differentials according to water supply and sanitation in many urban areas of developing countries suggest that access to piped water and toilet facilities can improve the survival chances of children. The central question in this study is whether access to piped water and a flush toilet affects the survival chance of children under five in urban areas of Eritrea. The study uses data collected by the Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) project in Eritrea in 1995. The results show that while the unadjusted effect of household environment (water supply and toilet facility) is large and statistically significant during the post-neonatal and child periods, it is relatively small and statistically insignificant during the neonatal period. The effect of household environment remains substantial during the post-neonatal and child periods, even when other socioeconomic variables are held constant. However, the household environment effect totally disappears during the neonatal period when the socioeconomic factors are controlled for.

scholarly journals URBAN AGROTECHNOLOGIES (CITY-FARMING) AS A PERSPECTIVE BRANCH OF DEVELOPMENT OF WORLD AGRIBUSINESS AND THE WAY TO IMPROVE THE CITIES FOOD SECURITY

2017 ◽  
pp. 95-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natan Mikhailovich Rutkin ◽  
Oleg Yurievich Lagutkin ◽  
Lina Yurievna Lagutkina
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Food Production ◽  
World Ocean ◽  
Food Products ◽  
High Tech ◽  
World Population ◽  
Waste Products ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Key Innovation ◽  
The World

The outlook of the development of world urban agrotechnologies ("city-farming") by means of key innovation technological and market trends analysis has been researched. It is noted that the tendencies to reduction of the area of productive lands, exhausting ecosystem resources, including World ocean resources, harmful consequences of the climate changing are the main limiting factors of the development of traditional agriculture and supplying food products to the growing population of the world. The remote territories of mass food production from the mass markets result in a large amount of waste products (food losses) in supply chains, along with decreasing product quality and raising costs. Growth of the world population, increasing concentration of urban citizens along with changing of consumers’ food preferences towards "health", "natural", "organic" food bring up the development of an additional, or alternate, system of uninterrupted supply or self-provision of cities with food products, ensuring future food security. The article highlights the prospect of developing the international branch of agriculture in terms of its transition to the high-tech stage of development ("AgTech"), and reviews the innovation technologies inseparable from that transition. It has been found that the development of the urban agrotechnologies (city-farming), as a combination of innovative high-performance agro-practices of the food production in urban environment, can step up the level of food security due to increasing food availability in qualitative and quantitative aspects. The review of main city-farming technologies in accordance with directions of its practical applications was done for the first time. The conception "urban agrotechnologies" ("city-farming") has been defined as the scientific term.

scholarly journals A systematic literature review of schistosomiasis in urban and peri-urban settings

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. e0008995
Author(s):  
Katharina Klohe ◽  
Benjamin G. Koudou ◽  
Alan Fenwick ◽  
Fiona Fleming ◽  
Amadou Garba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Systematic Literature Review ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Neglected Tropical Diseases ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
World Health ◽  
World Population ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Urban Settings ◽  
The World

Background Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease caused by trematode worms of the genus Schistosoma and belongs to the neglected tropical diseases. The disease has been reported in 78 countries, with around 290.8 million people in need of treatment in 2018. Schistosomiasis is predominantly considered a rural disease with a subsequent focus of research and control activities in rural settings. Over the past decades, occurrence and even expansion of schistosomiasis foci in peri-urban and urban settings have increasingly been observed. Rural–urban migration in low- and middle-income countries and subsequent rapid and unplanned urbanization are thought to explain these observations. Fifty-five percent (55%) of the world population is already estimated to live in urban areas, with a projected increase to 68% by 2050. In light of rapid urbanization and the efforts to control morbidity and ultimately achieve elimination of schistosomiasis, it is important to deepen our understanding of the occurrence, prevalence, and transmission of schistosomiasis in urban and peri-urban settings. A systematic literature review looking at urban and peri-urban schistosomiasis was therefore carried out as a first step to address the research and mapping gap. Methodology Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, a systematic computer-aided literature review was carried out using PubMed, ScienceDirect, and the World Health Organization Database in November 2019, which was updated in March 2020. Only papers for which at least the abstract was available in English were used. Relevant publications were screened, duplicates were removed, guidelines for eligibility were applied, and eligible studies were reviewed. Studies looking at human Schistosoma infections, prevalence, and intensity of infection in urban and peri-urban settings were included as well as those focusing on the intermediate host snails. Principal findings A total of 248 publications met the inclusion criteria. The selected studies confirm that schistosomiasis is prevalent in peri-urban and urban areas in the countries assessed. Earlier studies report higher prevalence levels in urban settings compared to data extracted from more recent publications, yet the challenge of migration, rapid uncontrolled urbanization, and resulting poor living conditions highlight the potential for continuous or even newly established transmission to take place. Conclusions The review indicates that schistosomiasis has long existed in urban and peri-urban areas and remains a public health problem. There is, however, a challenge of comparability of settings due to the lack of a clear definition of what constitutes urban and peri-urban. There is a pressing need for improved monitoring of schistosomiasis in urban communities and consideration of treatment strategies.

scholarly journals Water supply challenges in urban and rural areas of Eastern Cape

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Mpumelelo Dolo
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Eastern Cape ◽  
The World ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Water is regarded as the most important substance found on earth. There is no substitute for it. The daily running of production businesses, industrial firms and agricultural production that help sustain the economy of countries are largely dependent on the availability of water for them to function. The importance of water cannot be over emphasised. The food which is consumed daily depends on water; it can therefore be safely concluded that without water there would be no food, and without food there would be no life. Despite the importance of water in relation to human life, animals and plants, research studies show that the its availability becoming increasingly deficient around the globe. Water levels of major dams and rivers around the world are dropping, limiting the supply of potable water to those dependent on them. Global warming is one factor that is influencing the dropping of water levels, through evaporation. Other factors include climate change, drought and population growth. In South Africa, the government has been fighting a continuous battle of trying to address the backlog of water infrastructure, particularly in the areas which were disadvantaged by the apartheid government. These areas include rural areas, small towns (semi-urban) and townships. The Eastern Cape province in South Africa is top of the list from a backlog point of view. Rural dwellers migrate to urban areas for various reasons such as better education, better health care, job opportunities and more efficient services. Water supply is one of the services which is more adequately supplied in the cities compared to the rural areas. Even though the supplied water in the urban areas of the Eastern Cape is not the best standard when compared to other cities around the country or the world, it is still at an acceptable standard. Thus, this study was conducted to seek ways of improving the supply of water in the urban and rural areas of the Eastern Cape. The availability and the quality of water differs between the urban and rural areas. The purpose of this study was to seek ways of bridging the gap between these areas while improving the standard of water supply in both rural and urban areas. While working towards improving the lives of the Eastern Cape people, the study also seeks to promote water preservation and awareness to the people of the province. In order to find better alternatives which have been tested in various places around the world, an in-depth literature review was conducted in the study. This functioned as an effective comparison of what is obtained in different places around the world and the context of this study, which is the Eastern Cape. A survey method was used to gather data regarding the problems surrounding water supply and options that could be adopted to remedy those problems. The survey was conducted in the form of a self-observation assessment, questionnaire for households in urban and rural areas and interview sessions with prominent government entities and local technical service providers. The survey covered the whole spectrum of individuals and groups that play a major role in the supply and usage of water. The study was conducted within three municipalities of the Eastern Cape. These municipalities cover approximately two-third of the Eastern Cape considering the size of population in those areas. The municipalities covered by the study were: Amathole District Municipality (ADM), Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality (BCMM) and OR Tambo District Municipality (ORTDM). The findings from the study showed that indeed the standard of water supply between urban and rural areas was not equal. This relates to the purification methods, the convenience of collecting water by users, the quality of infrastructure being constructed (due to good or poor monitoring during construction) and the quality of the water as well as operation and maintenance response from the various service providers. Moreover, it was found that there was an acceptable level of awareness by citizens when it comes to using water, and precautions to save it were being taken by some. However, some dominant factors such as poor management, poor infrastructure resulting in leaks, climate change, run-offs and population growth were putting a strain on the existing water resources which is not coping with the increasing demand by people. Recommendations made in the study to balance the supply of water in rural areas and urban areas include: improving the purification of water so as to achieve a standard quality within the Eastern Cape; that rural areas be allowed to have an option of having yard or house connections, particularly those who are willing to pay rates at a scale suiting their class or standard; and that water service providers make it their responsibility to extend reticulation networks if there is expansion or development of more houses in rural areas in order to keep the distance minimal to standpipes

scholarly journals OPTIMALISASI SISHANKAMRATA MELALUI PENERAPAN LIMA PILAR TOTAL DEFENCE SEBAGAI UPAYA MEWUJUDKAN NEGARA INDONESIA YANG BERDAULAT

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-167
Author(s):  
Wahyu Beny Mukti Setiyawan ◽  
Bagus Hanindyo Mantri ◽  
Amir Junaidi
Keyword(s):  
Human Resources ◽  
Political Stability ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
World Population ◽  
National Defense ◽  
Defense System ◽  
National Goal ◽  
Defence System ◽  
The World ◽  
The Republic

AbstrakMenurut data statistik kependudukan dunia megatakan bahwa Negara Indonesia memliki jumlah penduduk terbanyak ke-empat, sebanyak 237,6 juta jiwa. Indonesia juga merupakan negara kepulauan yang terbesar di dunia (the biggest archipelago state in the world). Keadaan tanahnya yang subur, dan terletak diantara dua benua serta dua samudera besar, membuat posisi geografis Indonesia sangat strategis. Hal ini menyebabkan banyak negara lain di dunia sejak dulu ingin menguasai bumi nusantara ini. Pembukaan UUD NRI 1945 merupakan sumber dorongan terbesar tekad bangsa Indonesia untuk mencapai suatu tujuan bangsa. Salah satu upayanya adalah dengan memperkuat pertahanan dan keamanan Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia. Namun, pada penerapanya saat ini SISHANKAMRATA belum berjalan secara optimal dalam melindungi dan mempertahankan kedaulatan negara Indonesia. Hal ini disebabkan oleh beberapa faktor seperti rendahnya kualitas SDM, lemahnya ketahanan ekonomi Indonesia, kurang harmonisnya hubungan TNI dan Polri, rendahnya stabilitas politik, dan pudarnya rasa nasionalisme pada generasi muda. Untuk itu diperlukannya sebuah Kebijakan Pembangunan Kekuatan Pertahanan mencakup pembangunan kemampuan nasional. Konsep Optimalisasi SISHANKAMRATA dengan 5 Pilar Total Defence System sebagai pembaharuan dan penguatan dari pertahanan nasional dengan menggabungkan konsep SISHANKAMRATA Indonesia dengan konsep Total Defence System Singapura yang selaras dengan cita-cita Dasar Negara. Jenis penelitian yang akan digunakan penulis dalam penelitian ini adalah penelitian yuridis-normatif dengan menggunakan metode pendekatan perundang-undangan (statue-approach), pendekatan konseptual (conseptual approach), dan pendekatan komparatif (comparative approach), Konsep Optimalisasi SISHANKAMRATA dengan lima Pilar Total Defence System memberikan solusi yang solutif dalam awal langkah baru menyongsong negara Indonesia yang Berdaulat dengan Pengoptimalan Sistem Pertahanan Nasional Indonesia dalam Kerangka SIHANKAMRATA.Kata kunci: SISHANKAMRATA,Sumber daya Manusia.AbstrakAccording to world population statistics, Indonesia has the fourth largest population, 237.6 million. Indonesia is also the largest archipelago country in the world (the biggest archipelago state in the world). The condition of the fertile land, and is located between two continents and two large oceans, makes Indonesia's geographical position very strategic. This has caused many other countries in the world to have always wanted to dominate this archipelago. The preamble to the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia is the greatest source of encouragement for the Indonesian nation's determination to achieve a national goal. One of the efforts is to strengthen the defense and security of the Republic of Indonesia. However, in its current implementation, SISHANKAMRATA has not been running optimally in protecting and defending the sovereignty of the Indonesian state. This is due to several factors such as the low quality of human resources, the weak resilience of the Indonesian economy, the lack of harmony between the TNI and the Police, low political stability, and a fading sense of nationalism in the younger generation. For this reason, a Defense Force Development Policy is needed which includes building national capabilities. The concept of optimizing SISHANKAMRATA with 5 Pillars of Total Defense System as a renewal and strengthening of national defense by combining the Indonesian SISHANKAMRATA concept with the Singapore Total Defense System concept which is in line with the Basic ideals of the State. The type of research that the writer will use in this research is juridical-normative research using the statue-approach method, the conceptual approach, and the comparative approach, the SISHANKAMRATA Optimization Concept with the five Pillars of Total Defense. The system provides a solution that is a solution in the beginning of a new step towards welcoming the Sovereign Indonesian state by optimizing the Indonesian National Defense System in the SIHANKAMRATA Framewor.Keywords: SISHANKAMRATA,Human Resources.

Mainstreaming Pandemic in Urban Planning: An Overview

2021 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 413-424
Author(s):  
Abha Agarwal ◽  
Kusum Lata
Keyword(s):  
Urban Planning ◽  
Community Participation ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Planning Process ◽  
Public Health Emergency ◽  
World Population ◽  
Indian Government ◽  
Policy Initiatives ◽  
Social Lives ◽  
The World

Cities, the main places where majority of the world population resides, are the centres of economic growth and innovation. Globally, the urban areas are facing public health emergency (Covid-19 pandemic), which has affected the economic and social lives of people and all the activities have come to a standstill. The issue of urban vulnerability has been brought up in context to pandemics and communities need to be prepared for it. The article focuses on the measures taken by the Indian government during the lockdown and about how successful were these measures in controlling the spread of the virus infection. The lacunae in the urban planning policies have been analysed with a focus on community participation in the decision-making to combat disasters. Examples of successful community participation in cities from India and abroad have been highlighted. Finally, policy initiatives have been identified by which the future epidemics can be handled in an organised manner, by making the urban planning process more citizen centric.

Sanitation and State Planning

2019 ◽  
pp. 111-140
Author(s):  
Ruchi Shree
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Economic Resources ◽  
State Planning ◽  
Endemic Diseases ◽  
Planning Approach ◽  
Welfare Measures ◽  
Policy And Planning ◽  
Water Supply And Sanitation

Five-Year Plans help understand the policy and planning approach of the State to issues of water supply and sanitation in India. This chapter examines the policy focus on sanitation as reflected in various Five-Year Plans and analyses the changes that have taken place over the last six decades. At first, in urban areas, the focus is on slums whose demolition is seen as the only solution while in the later plans, there is a shift towards the creation of basic amenities. In rural areas, the Plans limit their focus to ‘problem villages’ and those suffering from endemic diseases. There is a progressive move towards decentralization, but important challenges persist in respect of how local bodies would raise the required economic resources. Towards the later Plan periods, a distinct market-based approach to water supply and sanitation emerges. Welfare measures are redesignated as economic imperatives and water is considered an economic asset.

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