Bisphenol A emission factors from industrial sources and elimination rates in a sewage treatment plant

2003 ◽  
Vol 47 (10) ◽  
pp. 117-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Fuerhacker
Keyword(s):  
Bisphenol A ◽  
Estrogenic Activity ◽  
Animal Experiments ◽  
Elimination Rate ◽  
Sewage Treatment Plant ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Emission Factors ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
In Vitro Test

Bisphenol A (BPA) is widely used for the production of epoxy resins and polycarbonate plastics and is considered an endocrine disruptor. Special in vitro test systems and animal experiments showed a weak estrogenic activity. Aquatic wildlife especially could be endangered by waste water discharges. To manage possible risks arising from BPA emissions the major fluxes need to be investigated and the sources of the contamination of municipal treatment plants need to be determined. In this study, five major industrial point sources, two different household areas and the influent and effluent of the corresponding treatment plant (WWTP) were monitored simultaneously at a plant serving 120,000 population equivalents. A paper producing plant was the major BPA contributor to the influent load of the wastewater treatment plant. All the other emissions from point sources, including the two household areas, were considerably lower. The minimum elimination rate in the WTTP could be determined at 78% with an average of 89% of the total BPA-load. For a possible pollution-forecast, or for a comparison between different point sources, emission factors based on COD-emissions were calculated for industrial and household point sources at BPA/COD-ratios between 1.4 ×10−6-125×10−6 and 1.3×10−6-6.3×10−6, respectively.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ESTROGENIC ACTIVITY IN SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT EFFLUENTS INVOLVING THREE IN VITRO ASSAYS AND CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF STEROIDS

2004 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 857 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara V. Rutishauser ◽  
Maija Pesonen ◽  
Beate I. Escher ◽  
Gabriele E. Ackermann ◽  
Hans-Rudolf Aerni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Chemical Analysis ◽  
Estrogenic Activity ◽  
Sewage Treatment ◽  
Sewage Treatment Plant ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
In Vitro Assays

scholarly journals The Xenoestrogen Bisphenol A Inhibits Postembryonic Vertebrate Development by Antagonizing Gene Regulation by Thyroid Hormone

Endocrinology ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 150 (6) ◽  
pp. 2964-2973 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel A. Heimeier ◽  
Biswajit Das ◽  
Daniel R. Buchholz ◽  
Yun-Bo Shi
Keyword(s):  
Bisphenol A ◽  
Estrogenic Activity ◽  
Sex Differentiation ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Vertebrate Development ◽  
Developmental Context ◽  
Mammalian Embryos ◽  
Intestinal Remodeling

Bisphenol A (BPA), a chemical widely used to manufacture plastics, is estrogenic and capable of disrupting sex differentiation. However, recent in vitro studies have shown that BPA can also antagonize T3 activation of the T3 receptor. The difficulty in studying uterus-enclosed mammalian embryos has hampered the analysis on the direct effects of BPA during vertebrate development. This study proposed to identify critical T3 pathways that may be disrupted by BPA based on molecular analysis in vivo. Because amphibian metamorphosis requires T3 and encompasses the postembryonic period in mammals when T3 action is most critical, we used this unique model for studying the effect of BPA on T3-dependent vertebrate development at both the morphological and molecular levels. After 4 d of exposure, BPA inhibited T3-induced intestinal remodeling in premetamorphic Xenopus laevis tadpoles. Importantly, microarray analysis revealed that BPA antagonized the regulation of most T3-response genes, thereby explaining the inhibitory effect of BPA on metamorphosis. Surprisingly, most of the genes affected by BPA in the presence of T3 were T3-response genes, suggesting that BPA predominantly affected T3-signaling pathways during metamorphosis. Our finding that this endocrine disruptor, well known for its estrogenic activity in vitro, functions to inhibit T3 pathways to affect vertebrate development in vivo and thus not only provides a mechanism for the likely deleterious effects of BPA on human development but also demonstrates the importance of studying endocrine disruption in a developmental context in vivo.

In vitro Estrogenicity of Resin Composites

2004 ◽  
Vol 83 (3) ◽  
pp. 222-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Wada ◽  
H. Tarumi ◽  
S. Imazato ◽  
M. Narimatsu ◽  
S. Ebisu
Keyword(s):  
Bisphenol A ◽  
Reporter Gene ◽  
Estrogenic Activity ◽  
Reporter Gene Assay ◽  
Resin Composites ◽  
Minimum Concentration ◽  
Tert Butyl ◽  
Gene Assay

Previously, we have reported that sealants incorporating bisphenol A dimethacrylate showed estrogenicity by a reporter gene assay. This study tested the hypothesis that commercial composites, which contain various monomers and additives, exhibit estrogenic activity in vitro. The estrogenic activities of eluates obtained from 24 composites and 18 chemicals identified from the composites tested were examined with the use of the reporter gene assay. Among the 24 composites, 6 products were estrogenic, and among the 18 constituents, 1 photostabilizer, 2-hydroxy-4-methoxy-benzophenone (HMBP), 1 photoinitiator, 2,2-dimethoxy-2-phenyl-acetophenone (DMPA), and 1 inhibitor, 2,6-di- tert-butyl- p-cresol (BHT) had significant estrogenic activity. The concentration of HMBP in 4 estrogenic eluates was greater than the minimum concentration required for estrogenicity, and DMPA was found at a higher level than the minimum estrogenic concentration in the remaining 2 estrogenic specimens. These results suggest that the observed estrogenic activity of 6 composites is associated with the elution of either HMBP or DMPA.

scholarly journals Adverse Effects of Bisphenol A Exposure on Glucose Metabolism Regulation

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 122-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ciro Menale ◽  
Damiano G. Mita ◽  
Nadia Diano ◽  
Sabrina Diano
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Glucose Metabolism ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Bisphenol A ◽  
Estrogenic Activity ◽  
Endocrine Function ◽  
Peripheral Tissues ◽  
Metabolism Regulation

Bisphenol A (BPA) is used as basic chemical compound in the production of polycarbonate food containers or epoxy resins coating metallic cans for food and beverages conservation. Its xeno-estrogenic activity alters endocrine-metabolic pathways modulating glucose metabolism and increasing the risk of developing diabetes, insulin resistance, and obesity. Based on in vitro and in vivo experimental research, here we report some of the major BPA adverse effects on tissues that play a key role in the regulation on the whole body’s metabolism. Evidences have shown that BPA is able to exert its endocrine disrupting action altering glucose metabolism and contributing to the onset of metabolic disorders, acting on liver functions and affecting insulin production by the pancreas. Exposure to BPA has been reported also to modulate glucose utilization in muscles, as well as to interfere with adipose tissue endocrine function. In addition, to peripheral tissues, recent studies have shown that BPA by acting in the Central Nervous System affects neuroendocrine regulation of glucose metabolism, promoting glucose metabolism dysfunction such as glucose intolerance and insulin resistance. Thus, exposure to BPA seems to be an important risk factor in the onset of obesity and metabolic syndrome. However, its mechanisms of action need to be further investigated to provide a major evaluation of risk assessment.

scholarly journals Pharmacokinetic prediction of an antibody in mice based on an in vitro cell-based approach using target receptor-expressing cells

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuki Noguchi ◽  
Kazuhisa Ozeki ◽  
Hidetaka Akita
Keyword(s):  
Animal Experiments ◽  
Elimination Rate ◽  
Chinese Hamster ◽  
Compartment Model ◽  
In Vitro Assays ◽  
Gamma Receptor ◽  
Uptake Assay ◽  
Menten Constant

Abstract In vivo pharmacokinetics (PK) studies using mice and monkeys are the main approaches for evaluating and predicting the PK of antibodies, and there is a strong demand for methods that do not require animal experiments. In this work, we focused on quantitatively predicting the nonlinear PK of an antibody based on cell-based assays. An anti-mouse Fc gamma receptor IIB antibody was used as a model antibody. To determine the PK parameters related to nonspecific elimination in vivo, the plasma concentration profile at 100 mg/kg, at which target-specific clearance is saturated, was analyzed by a 2-compartment model. To estimate the parameters related to target-specific elimination, the Michaelis–Menten constant (Km) and the maximum elimination rate (Vmax) were determined by an uptake assay using Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells expressing the target receptor. Finally, the integration of all of these parameters permitted the PK to be predicted at doses ranging from 1 to 100 mg/kg regardless of whether target-specific clearance was saturated or nonsaturated. The findings presented herein show that in vitro assays using target-expressing cells are useful tools for obtaining PK parameters and predicting PK profiles and, in some cases, eliminate the need for in vivo PK studies using experimental animals.

Occurrence and Elimination of Nonylphenol Ethoxylates and Metabolites in Municipal Wastewater and Effluents

1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 389-402-402 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hing-Biu Lee ◽  
Thomas E. Peart
Keyword(s):  
Carboxylic Acids ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Sewage Treatment ◽  
Elimination Rate ◽  
Sewage Treatment Plant ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Nonylphenol Ethoxylates ◽  
Wastewater Samples ◽  
One Year ◽  
Final Effluent

Abstract A survey of the concentrations of nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPnEO) and their metabolites in wastewater samples collected from a Canadian sewage treatment plant using primary and secondary treatment is presented. Twenty-four-hour composite raw sewage, primary effluent and final effluent samples were collected monthly over a one-year period. Levels of NPnEO (n = 1 to 17) and their metabolites, nonylphenol (NP) and nonylphenoxy carboxylic acids (NPnEC), in these samples were determined by HPLC and GC/MS methods. While ca. 85% of the total alkylphenolics in raw sewage are ethoxylates, the major component (nearly 80%) in the final effluent was in the form of carboxylic acids. During this study period, the median total alkylphenolic concentrations in raw sewage and final effluent were 526 and 248 nmol/L, respectively, representing an overall elimination rate of 53%. The estimated daily discharge of the nonylpheno-lics to the aquatic environment varied from 15 to 44 moles, with a median value of 20 moles. These data suggested that conventional sewage treatments are ineffective in the removal of the surfactant-derived metabolites.

scholarly journals Assessment of androgenic response potential of effluents using in vitro and in vivo methods

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emil Bandelj
Keyword(s):  
Androgen Receptor ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Sewage Treatment Plant ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Pulp Mill ◽  
Microbial Conversion ◽  
Aromatase Inhibition ◽  
In Vitro Methods

The androgenic potential of a New Zealand pulp mill effluent (PME) and a Canadian PME was assessed along with a New Zealand sewage treatment plant effluent (STP) using a combination of in vivo and in vitro methods. The in vitro methods included: (1) a fish-based androgen receptor binding assay, (2) a fish-based aromatase inhibition activity assay, and (3) an analysis of gonadal sex steroid levels in exposed female mosquitofish ( Gambusia affinis ) ovaries by radioimmunoassay. The in vivo method included a quantifiable analysis of anal fin ray length for female mosquitofish exposed to the effluents. Effluent extracts for the Canadian PME and New Zealand STP were found to have low in vitro androgenic potential compared to upstream reference extracts. All effluent extracts (Canadian PME, New Zealand PME and STP) showed a low degree of in vitro aromatase inhibition potential compared to upstream reference extracts. In vivo analysis showed no androgenic potential of the New Zealand PME and STP. The in vitro androgen receptor assay and in vivo mosquitofish bioassay did show androgenic responses for androstenedione (AD) and 1,4-androsta-diene-3,17-dione (ADD), which are two products of the microbial conversion of β-sitosterol (a plant sterol commonly found in PME) by Mycobacterium smegmatis . Also, the potential of the mosquitofish bioassay to determine anti-androgenic effects in effluents was demonstrated.

CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF ENDOCRINE DISRUPTING HORMONES AND ESTROGENIC ACTIVITY IN AN ADVANCED SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT

2007 ◽  
Vol preprint (2008) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathieu Muller ◽  
Fanja Rabenoelina ◽  
Patrick Balaguer ◽  
Dominique Patureau ◽  
Karin Lemenach ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Estrogenic Activity ◽  
Sewage Treatment ◽  
Sewage Treatment Plant ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Biological Analysis ◽  
Endocrine Disrupting

Bisphenol A decreases the spontaneous contractions of rat uterus in vitro through a nitrergic mechanism

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 593-598 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hemlata Gupta ◽  
Shripad B. Deshpande
Keyword(s):  
Methylene Blue ◽  
Bisphenol A ◽  
Estrogenic Activity ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Uterine Contractility ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Concentration Dependent Manner ◽  
Uterine Contractions ◽  
Synthase Inhibitor

Abstract Background: Bisphenol A (BPA), a chemical used in the manufacture of plastics, has toxic effects on various systems of the human body including the reproductive system. BPA possesses estrogenic activity and is implicated in altering oogenesis, ovulation, and fertility. In addition to ovulatory changes, uterine contractility is an important factor for fertility. However, the effects of BPA on myometrial contractions are not known. Therefore, we examined the effect of BPA on rat uterine contractions. Methods: The uterus was isolated from adult rats showing estrous phase, and spontaneous in vitro contractions were recorded (35±1 °C). The effect of cumulative concentrations of BPA was determined. Further, the involvement of nitric oxide (NO) and guanylyl cyclase (GC) for the BPA-induced changes on uterine contractility was evaluated using the NO synthase inhibitor (L-NAME) or GC inhibitor (methylene blue). Results: BPA decreased the amplitude and frequency of spontaneous uterine contractions in a concentration-dependent manner. A decrease of 50% occurred at 1 and 3 μM for amplitude and frequency, respectively. L-NAME (N-ω-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester) blocked the BPA-induced decrease in amplitude at all concentrations but antagonized the frequency only at the maximum concentration (10 μM). Methylene blue (a GC inhibitor) did not block the BPA-induced responses but for the frequency at 10 μM of BPA. Conclusions: The results indicate that BPA decreased the amplitude and frequency of spontaneous uterine contractions by involving the nitrergic mechanism; however, the GC mechanism is not involved in the depression.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document