A risk assessment of emerging pathogens of concern in the land application of biosolids

2002 ◽  
Vol 46 (10) ◽  
pp. 225-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.P. Gerba ◽  
I.L. Pepper ◽  
L.F. Whitehead
Keyword(s):  
Risk Model ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
The United States ◽  
Land Application ◽  
Pathogen Transmission ◽  
Emerging Pathogens ◽  
Response Models ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Class B ◽  
Moisture Conditions

Since the development of the United States Environmental Protection Agency's 503 biosolids Rule, which includes treatment requirements to reduce the threat of pathogen transmission, many new pathogens have been recognized which could be transmitted by biosolids. A risk analysis was performed to assess which emerging pathogens would be most likely to survive treatments required for Class B biosolids before land application. The literature was reviewed on the resistance of emerging pathogens to temperature and other environmental factors to assess their probability of surviving various biosolids treatment processes. In addition existing information on occurrence in biosolids and dose response models for each pathogen was reviewed. It was concluded that adenoviruses and hepatitis A virus are the most thermally resistant viruses and can survive for prolonged periods in the environment. The protozoan parasites microsporidia and Cyclospora were unlikely to survive the temperatures achieved in anaerobic digestion and do not survive well under low moisture conditions. A risk model was used to assess the risk of infection and illness from enteric viruses after application of class B biosolids.

Class B biosolids production from wastewater sludge with high pathogenic content generated in an advanced primary treatment

2000 ◽  
Vol 42 (9) ◽  
pp. 103-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Jimenez ◽  
J. A. Barrios ◽  
C. Maya
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Primary Treatment ◽  
Land Application ◽  
Wastewater Sludge ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Helminth Eggs ◽  
Class B ◽  
Us Epa ◽  
High Pathogenic

Alkaline post-stabilization of wastewater sludge with high pathogenic content (up to 1010 NMP/g TS of Salmonella sp. and up to 89.8 helminth eggs/g TS) was studied to evaluate the feasibility of producing Class B biosolids. The sludge was produced in pilot systems using different advanced primary treatment processes treating wastewater generated in Mexico City. Samples were dewatered to different dryness ranging from 11.5 to 29.0% TS and stabilized using quicklime in doses ranging from 15 to 40% (w/w). The levels of pathogens found in dewatered sludge were up to 8 log and 1.95 log higher than those found in primary sludge generated in the United States for Salmonella sp. and helminth eggs respectively. Distribution of genera of helminths indicated that more than 90% of the eggs found were Ascaris, while the rest were Hymenolepis, Trichuris, Toxocara and Taenia. Minimum and maximum removals ranged between 3.6 to 9.5 log for fecal coliforms; 3.7 to 7.9 log for Salmonella sp.; and 0.1 to 1.3 log for helminths. The recommended quicklime dose was determined for different solids contents in order to achieve the pH-time criteria and the levels of microorganisms required by the US EPA. Metal concentrations were below the maximum levels established for land application of biosolids.

scholarly journals Quantification of Enteric Viruses, Pathogen Indicators, and Salmonella Bacteria in Class B Anaerobically Digested Biosolids by Culture and Molecular Methods

2010 ◽  
Vol 76 (19) ◽  
pp. 6441-6448 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelvin Wong ◽  
Brandon M. Onan ◽  
Irene Xagoraraki
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
A549 Cells ◽  
Enteric Viruses ◽  
The United States ◽  
Land Application ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Pathogen Indicators ◽  
Class B

ABSTRACT The most common class B biosolids in the United States are generated by mesophilic anaerobic digestion (MAD), and MAD biosolids have been used for land application. However, the pathogen levels in MAD biosolids are still unclear, especially with respect to enteric viruses. In this study, we determined the occurrence and the quantitative levels of enteric viruses and indicators in 12 MAD biosolid samples and of Salmonella enterica in 6 MAD biosolid samples. Three dewatered biosolid samples were also included in this study for purposes of comparison. Human adenoviruses (HAdV) had the highest gene levels and were detected more frequently than other enteric viruses. The gene levels of noroviruses (NV) reported were comparable to those of enteroviruses (EV) and human polyomaviruses (HPyV). The occurrence percentages of HAdV, HAdV species F, EV, NV GI, NV GII, and HPyV in MAD samples were 83, 83, 42, 50, 75, and 58%, respectively. No hepatitis A virus was detected. Infectious HAdV was detected more frequently than infectious EV, and all infectious HAdV were detected when samples were propagated in A549 cells. Based on most-probable-number (MPN) analysis, A549 cells were more susceptible to biosolid-associated viruses than BGM cells. All indicator levels in MAD biosolids were approximately 104 MPN or PFU per gram (dry), and the dewatered biosolids had significantly higher indicator levels than the MAD biosolids. Only two MAD samples tested positive for Salmonella enterica, where the concentration was below 1.0 MPN/4 g. This study provides a broad comparison of the prevalence of different enteric viruses in MAD biosolids and reports the first detection of noroviruses in class B biosolids. The observed high quantitative and infectivity levels of adenoviruses in MAD biosolids indicate that adenovirus is a good indicator for the evaluation of sludge treatment efficiency.

scholarly journals Incidence of Enteric Viruses in Groundwater from Household Wells in Wisconsin

2003 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 1172-1180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark A. Borchardt ◽  
Phil D. Bertz ◽  
Susan K. Spencer ◽  
David A. Battigelli
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Enteric Viruses ◽  
The United States ◽  
Land Application ◽  
Private Household ◽  
Septic Systems ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Sequential Samples ◽  
Human Enteric Viruses ◽  
Public Water Systems

ABSTRACT Recent studies on the contamination of groundwater with human enteric viruses have focused on public water systems, whereas little is known about the occurrence of viruses in private household wells. The objective of the present study was to estimate the incidence of viruses in Wisconsin household wells located near septage land application sites or in rural subdivisions served by septic systems. Fifty wells in seven hydrogeologic districts were sampled four times over a year, once each season. Reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR), followed by Southern hybridization, was used to detect enteroviruses, rotavirus, hepatitis A virus (HAV), and Norwalk-like viruses (NLVs). In addition, cell culture was used to detect culturable enteroviruses. Companion water samples were collected for total coliforms, Escherichia coli, fecal enterococci, F-specific RNA coliphages, nitrate, and chloride analyses. Among the 50 wells, four (8%) were positive for viruses by RT-PCR. Three wells were positive for HAV, and the fourth well was positive for both rotavirus and NLV in one sample and an enterovirus in another sample. Contamination was transient, since none of the wells was virus positive for two sequential samples. Culturable enteroviruses were not detected in any of the wells. Water quality indicators were not statistically associated with virus occurrence, although some concordance was noted for chloride. The present study is the first in the United States to systematically monitor private household wells for virus contamination and, combined with data for public wells, provides further insight on the extent of groundwater contamination with human enteric viruses.

Class B Land Application: A Long-term, Highly Successful Public-Private Partnership

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 (1) ◽  
pp. 1056-1064
Author(s):  
Jake Finlinson ◽  
Dave Ruud ◽  
Andy Bary ◽  
Maile Lono-Batura
Keyword(s):  
Land Application ◽  
Public Private Partnership ◽  
Private Partnership ◽  
Class B

scholarly journals Occurrence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in Six Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants at the Early Stage of COVID-19 Pandemic in The United States

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 798
Author(s):  
Samendra P. Sherchan ◽  
Shalina Shahin ◽  
Jeenal Patel ◽  
Lauren M. Ward ◽  
Sarmila Tandukar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
The United States ◽  
Secondary Effluent ◽  
Untreated Wastewater ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Wastewater Samples

In this study, we investigated the occurrence of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) RNA in primary influent (n = 42), secondary effluent (n = 24) and tertiary treated effluent (n = 34) collected from six wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs A–F) in Virginia (WWTP A), Florida (WWTPs B, C, and D), and Georgia (WWTPs E and F) in the United States during April–July 2020. Of the 100 wastewater samples analyzed, eight (19%) untreated wastewater samples collected from the primary influents contained SARS-CoV-2 RNA as measured by reverse transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) assays. SARS-CoV-2 RNA were detected in influent wastewater samples collected from WWTP A (Virginia), WWTPs E and F (Georgia) and WWTP D (Florida). Secondary and tertiary effluent samples were not positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA indicating the treatment processes in these WWTPs potentially removed SARS-CoV-2 RNA during the secondary and tertiary treatment processes. However, further studies are needed to understand the log removal values (LRVs) and transmission risks of SARS-CoV-2 RNA through analyzing wastewater samples from a wider range of WWTPs.

scholarly journals Widespread detection of antibodies to Leptospira in feral swine in the United States

2014 ◽  
Vol 143 (10) ◽  
pp. 2131-2136 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. PEDERSEN ◽  
K. L. PABILONIA ◽  
T. D. ANDERSON ◽  
S. N. BEVINS ◽  
C. R. HICKS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Pathogen Transmission ◽  
Geographical Range ◽  
Crop Damage ◽  
Feral Swine ◽  
Livestock Predation

SUMMARYAs feral swine continue to expand their geographical range and distribution across the United States, their involvement in crop damage, livestock predation, and pathogen transmission is likely to increase. Despite the relatively recent discovery of feral swine involvement in the aetiology of a variety of pathogens, their propensity to transmit and carry a wide variety of pathogens is disconcerting. We examined sera from 2055 feral swine for antibody presence to six serovars of Leptospira that can also infect humans, livestock or domestic animals. About 13% of all samples tested positive for at least one serovar, suggesting that Leptospira infection is common in feral swine. Further studies to identify the proportion of actively infected animals are needed to more fully understand the risk they pose.

Abstract 14677: Distribution of 10- and 30-year Predicted Risks for Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease in the United States: NHANES 2015 to 2018

Circulation ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 142 (Suppl_3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nilay S Shah ◽  
Hongyan Ning ◽  
Amanda Perak ◽  
Norrina B Allen ◽  
John T Wilkins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Life Course ◽  
Risk Model ◽  
The United States ◽  
Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Ascvd Risk ◽  
The Life Course ◽  
Predicted Risk

Introduction: Premature fatal cardiovascular disease rates have plateaued in the US. Identifying population distributions of short- and long-term predicted risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) can inform interventions and policy to improve cardiovascular health over the life course. Methods: Among nonpregnant participants age 30-59 years without prevalent CVD from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys 2015-18, continuous 10 year (10Y) and 30 year (30Y) predicted ASCVD risk were assigned using the Pooled Cohort Equations and a 30-year competing risk model, respectively. Intermediate/high 10Y risk was defined as ≥7.5%, and high 30Y risk was chosen a priori as ≥20%, based on 2019 guideline levels for risk stratification. Participants were combined into low 10Y/low 30Y, low 10Y/high 30Y, and intermediate/high 10Y categories. We calculated and compared risk distributions overall and across race-sex, age, body mass index (BMI), and education using chi-square tests. Results: In 1495 NHANES participants age 30-59 years (representing 53,022,413 Americans), median 10Y risk was 2.3% and 30Y risk was 15.5%. Approximately 12% of individuals were already estimated to have intermediate/high 10Y risk. Of those at low 10Y risk, 30% had high 30Y predicted risk. Distributions differed significantly by sex, race, age, BMI, and education (P<0.01, Figure ). Black males more frequently had high 10Y risk compared with other race-sex groups. Older individuals, those with BMI ≥30 kg/m 2 , and with ≤high school education had a higher frequency of low 10Y/high 30Y risk. Conclusions: More than one-third of middle-aged U.S. adults have elevated short- or long-term predicted risk for ASCVD. While the majority of middle-aged US adults are at low 10Y risk, a large proportion among this subgroup are at high 30Y ASCVD risk, indicating a substantial need for enhanced clinical and population level prevention earlier in the life course.

Update From the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 495-500
Author(s):  
Sean T O’leary ◽  
Yvonne A Maldonado ◽  
David W Kimberlin
Keyword(s):  
Advisory Committee ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Safety Data ◽  
The United States ◽  
Vaccine Research ◽  
Vaccine Preventable Diseases ◽  
American Academy Of Pediatrics ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Clinical Trial Results ◽  
Health Experts

Abstract The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), a group of medical and public health experts, meets 3 times per year to develop recommendations for vaccine use in the United States. There usually are 15 voting members, but at the June 2019 meeting, only 14 were present; each member’s term is 4 years. ACIP members and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) staff discuss the epidemiology of vaccine-preventable diseases and vaccine research, effectiveness, safety data, and clinical trial results. Representatives from the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) (Y. A. M. and D. W. K.) and the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society (S. T. O.) are present as liaisons to the ACIP. The ACIP met on June 26 to 27, 2019, to discuss the use of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine in adults, pneumococcal vaccines in adults, measles updates, zoster vaccine, influenza vaccines, hepatitis A virus (HAV) vaccines, meningococcal vaccines, and dengue vaccine.

Hepatitis A virus infections associated with clotting factor concentrate in the United States

Transfusion ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 573-579 ◽  
Author(s):  
JM Soucie ◽  
BH Robertson ◽  
BP Bell ◽  
KA McCaustland ◽  
BL Evatt
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
The United States ◽  
Clotting Factor ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Factor Concentrate
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