Disinfection of secondary effluents by infiltration percolation

2001 ◽  
Vol 43 (12) ◽  
pp. 175-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Makni
Keyword(s):  
Coarse Sand ◽  
Faecal Coliform ◽  
Soil Aquifer Treatment ◽  
Public Parks ◽  
Reclaimed Wastewater ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Secondary Effluents ◽  
Hydraulic Load ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Alternative Techniques

Among the most attractive applications of reclaimed wastewater are: irrigation of public parks, sports fields, golf courses and market gardening. These uses require advanced wastewater treatment including disinfection. According to WHO guidelines (1989) and current rules and regulations in Tunisia, faecal coliform levels have to be reduced to <103 or 102 CFU/100 mL. In Tunisia, most wastewater plants are only secondary treatment and, in order to meet health related regulations, the effluents need to be disinfected. However, it is usual for secondary effluents to need filtration prior to disinfection. Effectiveness of conventional disinfection processes, such as chlorination and UV radiation, are dependent upon the oxidation level and the levels of suspended solids of the treated water. Ozonation is relatively expensive and energy consuming. The consideration of the advantages and disadvantages of conventional techniques, their reliability, investment needs and operational costs will lead to the use of less sophisticated alternative techniques for certain facilities. Among alternative techniques, soil aquifer treatment and infiltration percolation through sand beds have been studied in Arizona, Israel, France, Spain and Morocco. Infiltration percolation plants have been intermittently fed with secondary or high quality primary effluents which percolated through 1.5-2 m unsaturated coarse sand and were recovered by under-drains. In such infiltration percolation facilities, microorganisms were eliminated through numerous physical, physicochemical and biological inter-related processes (mechanical filtration, adsorption and microbial degradation respectively). Efficiency of faecal coliform removal was dependent upon the water detention times in the filtering medium and on the oxidation of the filtered water. Effluents of Sfax town aerated ponds were infiltrated through 1.5 m deep sand columns in order to determine the performance of infiltration percolation in the polishing of secondary effluents. Elimination of bacteria (total and coliforms, faecal streptococci) and their relationship with the hydraulic load and the temperature were investigated.

Extensive reclamation technologies, assets for the development of water reuse in the Mediterranean

2003 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 209-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Brissaud ◽  
P. Xu ◽  
M. Auset
Keyword(s):  
Water Reuse ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Golf Courses ◽  
Public Parks ◽  
Reclaimed Wastewater ◽  
Treatment Techniques ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Market Gardening ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Microbial Removal

In the Mediterranean, the main water reuse application is and will long remain irrigation. Irrigation of public parks, landscape, golf courses, market gardening and orchards is expected to develop rapidly. Such uses require the microbial decontamination of reclaimed wastewater. Extensive reclamation technologies are well adapted to the Mediterranean context for their easy and cost effective O&M; however their ability to reliably meet health related standards have been questioned. The paper reviews the main factors of variations in the bacterial abatement provided by extensive treatment techniques - stabilisation reservoirs, ponds and infiltration percolation. Thanks to advances in the knowledge and modelling of disinfection mechanisms, the predictability of microbial decontamination by extensive technologies is being significantly improved; the development of better design tools leading to reliable treatments is foreseen. However, due to limitations in the microbial removal, extensive techniques cannot meet highly conservative requirements. Extensive techniques will play an important part in the development of water reuse and fresh water savings in the Mediterranean as far as water quality standards only aim at limiting health risks to an acceptable level.

Disinfection of secondary effluents by infiltration-percolation

1996 ◽  
Vol 33 (10-11) ◽  
pp. 271-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miguel Salgot ◽  
Francois Brissaud ◽  
Claudia Campos
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Golf Courses ◽  
Public Parks ◽  
Chemical Parameters ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Secondary Effluents ◽  
Edible Crops ◽  
Hydraulic Load ◽  
The Cost

Irrigation reuse is an adequate strategy to dispose of the effluents of conventional wastewater treatment plants everywhere a chronic shortage of water resources is experienced. The most attractive usages of reclaimed water are irrigation of public parks, sports fields, golf courses an edible crops. These uses require disinfection of wastewater so as to comply with relevant regulations. Conventional disinfection procedures are fairly effective; but, in Mediteranean countries, low technology techniques, such as lagooning and infiltration-percolation, are often more reliable. The cost of drained infiltration-percolation facilities is highly dependant on the volume of their filtrating sand bed. Therefore, relationship among hydraulic load, sand depth and disinfection efficiency are of great importance. A circular drained dune sand infiltration percolation filter, 1.5 m sand deep, with a surface of 565 m2, was constructed in Vall-Llobrega, Catalonia, Spain. The filter was fed with activated sludge effluent using a pivot irrigation system equipped with low-pressure bubbles. The plant worked for two years, the hydraulic load ranging from 0.165 to 0.35 m per day of infiltrating surface. Physico-chemical parameters, total and faecal coliforms contents were monitored. A pivot irrigation system can be considered a major technological improvement.

scholarly journals Consumer perceptions of using social media for health purposes: Benefits and drawbacks

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 1661-1674 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arcelio Benetoli ◽  
Timothy F Chen ◽  
Parisa Aslani
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Health Knowledge ◽  
Information Overload ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Online Information ◽  
Social And Emotional ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Related Information ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Use Of Social Media

Consumers are increasingly using social media to interact with other consumers about health conditions and treatment options. This study aimed to investigate the advantages and disadvantages of using social media for health-related purposes from the consumers’ perspectives. Five focus groups with 36 Australian adults with a chronic condition and on medication were conducted, audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and thematically analysed. Consumers reported that social media was very convenient, for accessing health-related information and for peer engagement; user-friendly; improved their health knowledge; empowered them; and provided social and emotional support. The disadvantages included information overload, wasting time; negative feelings; doubts about online information credibility; and issues related to online interactions. Despite some disadvantages, health-related use of social media led consumers to feel supported, knowledgeable, and empowered. Consumers’ motivation to keep accessing social media for health-related purposes opens up avenues for the delivery of services via social media.

scholarly journals Soil aquifer treatment of secondary effluents and combined sewer overflows in highly permeable soils typical of southwestern Ontario

2017 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 329-337
Author(s):  
D. Velasquez ◽  
E.K. Yanful ◽  
W. Sun
Keyword(s):  
Soil Aquifer Treatment ◽  
Wastewater Reclamation ◽  
Combined Sewer Overflows ◽  
Resources Management ◽  
Sustainable Water Resources Management ◽  
Secondary Effluents ◽  
Combined Sewer ◽  
Wastewater Quality ◽  
Feasible Alternative ◽  
Sewer Overflows

Wastewater reclamation is becoming an important alternative for sustainable water resources management and building climate change resiliency in many regions around the world. This research investigated the polishing of secondary effluents and combined sewer overflows (CSOs) by a laboratory-scale soil aquifer treatment considering local soils and wastewater characteristics of southwestern Ontario. Results show that high permeability soils of southwestern Ontario, have the ability to polish secondary effluents in terms of dissolved organic carbon, Escherichia coli, and total coliforms. Regarding the simulated CSOs, low to moderate improvements of wastewater quality were observed. Denitrification of secondary effluents improved significantly by the addition of readily available organic matter, which supports the importance of protecting recharge wetlands for groundwater quality protection. Soil aquifer treatment in southwestern Ontario is a feasible alternative for the recharge of non-potable and potable aquifers with secondary effluents. However, for potable aquifers further treatment of wastewater effluents may be required.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Official Healthcare Informatics Applications in Saudi Arabia and their Role in Addressing COVID-19 Pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 255-263
Author(s):  
Nouf Alassaf ◽  
Sulaiman Bah ◽  
Fatima Almulhim ◽  
Norah AlDossary ◽  
Munirah Alqahtani
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Content Analysis ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Qualitative Content Analysis ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Healthcare Informatics ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Health Related

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine official healthcare informatics applications in Saudi Arabia in the context of their role in addressing the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.Methods: This is a case study of official healthcare informatics programs and applications (apps) developed in Saudi Arabia before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. The qualitative content analysis (QCA) method was used. Data collection consisted of two components: a desktop review of documents and actual testing of the programs. According to the QCA method, we developed a matrix for abstracting information on different apps and programs in order to categorize the data. The compilation of information and discussion were based on information summarized in the matrix.Results: Six apps in total were developed before the COVID-19 pandemic. With the advent of the COVID-19 pandemic, three of the apps, SEHA, Mawid, and Sehaty were modified to address different aspects of the pandemic. Both SEHA and Mawid included information about COVID-19 awareness. During the COVID-19 pandemic, three official apps were developed: Tawakkalna, Tetamman, and Tabaud. The Tawakkalna app is mandatory for all citizens and residents to activate when visiting stores and institutions. It has a wide range of COVID-19 and other health-related functions. The Tetamman app provides COVID-19 test results and allows one to check his or her daily symptoms. It also has an educational content library and provides alerts. The Tabaud app notifies individuals if they have been exposed to COVID-19. The features, advantages, and disadvantages of all of the apps were examined.Conclusions: Overall, there were more strengths than shortcomings in the role played by healthcare informatics in the handling of the COVID-19 pandemic in Saudi Arabia.

scholarly journals Significance of the method of selective blood collection from the inferior petrosal sinuses for differential diagnosis of ACTH-dependent hypercorticism

2009 ◽  
Vol 55 (6) ◽  
pp. 35-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
I I Dedov ◽  
Z E Belaya ◽  
I I Sitkin ◽  
E I Marova ◽  
E G Przhiyalkovskaya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
False Negative ◽  
Differential Diagnostics ◽  
Blood Collection ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
False Negative Results ◽  
History Of ◽  
Alternative Techniques ◽  
Pharmaceutical Agents ◽  
Selective Collection

This review paper was designed to discuss the accumulated worldwide experience with selective collection of blood from the inferior petrose sinuses for the purpose of differential diagnostics of ACTH-dependent hypercorticism. The history of the development of the method is described, principal indications and contraindications to its clinical application are considered with reference to the informative value of this diagnostic tool. Possible causes of false positive and false negative results as well as complications ever reported as associated with the diagnostic procedure are discussed. Much attention is given to the comparative analysis of advantages and disadvantages of alternative techniques for blood collection and to the use of pharmaceutical agents that may increase efficiency of the method under consideration.

scholarly journals Nanoderived Therapeutic Formulations with Curcumin in Inflammation-Related Diseases

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Cristina Quispe ◽  
Natália Cruz-Martins ◽  
Maria Letizia Manca ◽  
Maria Manconi ◽  
Oksana Sytar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Targeted Delivery ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Therapeutic Properties ◽  
And Oxidative Stress ◽  
New Strategies

Due to its vast therapeutic potential, the plant-derived polyphenol curcumin is utilized in an ever-growing number of health-related applications. Here, we report the extraction methodologies, therapeutic properties, advantages and disadvantages linked to curcumin employment, and the new strategies addressed to improve its effectiveness by employing advanced nanocarriers. The emerging nanotechnology applications used to enhance CUR bioavailability and its targeted delivery in specific pathological conditions are collected and discussed. In particular, new aspects concerning the main strategic nanocarriers employed for treating inflammation and oxidative stress-related diseases are reported and discussed, with specific emphasis on those topically employed in conditions such as wounds, arthritis, or psoriasis and others used in pathologies such as bowel (colitis), neurodegenerative (Alzheimer’s or dementia), cardiovascular (atherosclerosis), and lung (asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) diseases. A brief overview of the relevant clinical trials is also included. We believe the review can provide the readers with an overview of the nanostrategies currently employed to improve CUR therapeutic applications in the highlighted pathological conditions.

Developing human health-related chemical guidelines for reclaimed wastewater irrigation

1996 ◽  
Vol 33 (10-11) ◽  
pp. 463-472 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew C. Chang ◽  
Albert L. Page ◽  
Takashi Asano ◽  
Ivanildo Hespanhol
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Fundamental Principle ◽  
Land Application ◽  
Reclaimed Wastewater ◽  
Pollutant Loading ◽  
Loading Rates ◽  
Exposed Population ◽  
Root Tuber ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Food Chain Transfer

We examined the methodology of developing globally applicable human health-related chemical guidelines of using wastewater for crop irrigation. Two approaches may be used to develop pollutant loading guidelines: (a) preventing pollutant accumulation in waste receiving soil and (b) maximizing soil's capacity to assimilate, attenuate, and detoxify harmful chemicals. Pollutant loading rates based on the first approach are in agreement with the fundamental principle of maintaining ecological balances in soil. But numerical limits usually are very stringent and it is difficult for communities to meet these requirements. Recommendations derived with the second approach represent the maximum permissible loadings beyond which pollutant levels in the soil may be harmful to the exposed population. A method employing the second approach was evaluated. Preliminary pollutant loading limits for land application of wastewater are derived by considering the food chain transfer of pollutants via intake of grain, vegetable, root/tuber, and fruit grown on wastewater-affected soils.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document