Hazardous organic matters in municipal sewage sludge in Taiwan

2001 ◽  
Vol 44 (10) ◽  
pp. 65-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. F. Cheng ◽  
S. Y. Chen ◽  
J. G. Lin
Keyword(s):  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Soil Amendment ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals ◽  
Municipal Sewage ◽  
Municipal Sewage Sludge ◽  
Organic Matters ◽  
Endocrine Disrupting ◽  
Ethylhexyl Phthalate ◽  
Significant Attention

Application of municipal sewage sludge to agricultural land has attracted significant attention in recent years because it conserves abundant nutrients and hydrocarbons that can be used as a soil amendment. The presence of hazardous organic matters (HOMs) in sewage sludge limits the feasibility of reuse of sewage sludge. The purpose of this study was to investigate the types and the concentrations of HOMs in municipal sewage sludge in Taiwan. An efficient SFE/GC/MS method was used to determine HOMs in sludge samples. The results indicated that di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) was persistently found in both aerobically and anaerobically digested sludges. 4-nonylphenol (4-NP) was only found in anaerobically digested sludges. Both DEHP and 4-NP have been characterized as endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) or environmental endorine disruptors (EEDs). It suggested that sludges containing high levels of DEHP and 4-NP need further treatment and reduction of possible impacts on the environment before their reuse as soil fertilizers.

Behaviour of endocrine disrupting chemicals during the treatment of municipal sewage sludge

2004 ◽  
Vol 50 (5) ◽  
pp. 133-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Ivashechkin ◽  
P.F.-X. Corvini ◽  
M. Dohmann
Keyword(s):  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Calcium Hydroxide ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals ◽  
Municipal Sewage ◽  
Municipal Sewage Sludge ◽  
Digested Sludge ◽  
Endocrine Disrupting ◽  
Anaerobically Digested Sludge ◽  
Sludge Conditioning

Agricultural application of municipal sewage sludge has been emotionally discussed in the last decades, because the latter contains endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and other organic micro-pollutants with unknown fate and risk potential. Bisphenol A (BPA) was chosen as a model substance to investigate the influence of sludge conditioning on the end-concentration of EDCs in sludge. Adsorption studies with radioactive-labelled BPA showed that more than 75% BPA in anaerobically digested sludge is bound to solids (log Kd = 2.09-2.30; log Koc = 2.72-3.11). Sludge conditioning with polymer or iron (III) chloride alone had no influence on the adsorption of BPA. After conditioning with iron (III) chloride and calcium hydroxide desorption of BPA took place. Apparently, it occurred due to the deprotonation of BPA (pKa = 10.3) as the pH-value reached 12.4 during the process. The same behaviour is expected for other phenolic EDCs with similar pKa (nonylphenol, 17β-estradiol, estron, estriol, 17α-ethinylestradiol). This study shows high affinity of BPA to the anaerobically digested sludge and importance of conditioning in the elimination of EDCs during the sludge treatment. Addition of polymer is favourable in the case of sludge incineration. Conditioning with iron (III) chloride and calcium hydroxide shows advantages for the use of sludge as fertiliser.

Organic Contaminants in Canadian Municipal Sewage Sludge. Part I. Toxic or Endocrine-Disrupting Phenolic Compounds

2002 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 681-696 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hing-Biu Lee ◽  
Thomas E. Peart
Keyword(s):  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Organic Contaminants ◽  
Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Negative Ion ◽  
Municipal Sewage ◽  
Municipal Sewage Sludge ◽  
Fluorescence Detector ◽  
Endocrine Disrupting ◽  
Ionization Mode

Abstract The occurrence of toxic or endocrine-disrupting chemicals such as nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPEO), 4-nonylphenol (NP), 4-tert-octylphenol (OP), bisphenol A (BPA), triclosan (TCS), pentachlorophenol (PCP), hexachlorophene (HCP), and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) in 35 sewage sludge samples collected from cities across Canada is documented. Samples were extracted by supercritical carbon dioxide and the phenols were converted into their acetyl derivatives using published methods. The ethoxylates were analyzed by HPLC with a fluorescence detector. The other extracts, after silica gel column cleanup, were analyzed by GC/MS in either the electron impact or negative-ion chemical ionization mode. With minor exceptions, the above-mentioned compounds were present in all samples. The levels of these contaminants varied widely in the samples. The more abundant chemicals were NP as well as its mono- and di-ethoxylates, with median concentrations of 232, 69.4, and 26.4 µg/g (dry weight), respectively. Triclosan, a common antibacterial agent, BPA, and HCP were also ubiquitous in the sludge samples, with median concentrations of 12.5, 0.45, and 0.37 µg/g, respectively. Also present, albeit at much lower concentrations, were PCP and TBBPA, with median concentrations of 27.7 and 12.4 ng/g, respectively. Except for the last two compounds, all the chemicals are components or additives in various formulations of household and industrial detergents and personal care products. The potential risk of these toxic chemicals reaching the aquatic environment as a result of land spreading of sewage sludge should be investigated.

The effect of stabilization on the utilization of municipal sewage sludge as a soil amendment

2019 ◽  
Vol 94 ◽  
pp. 27-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marko Černe ◽  
Igor Palčić ◽  
Igor Pasković ◽  
Nikola Major ◽  
Marija Romić ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Soil Amendment ◽  
Municipal Sewage ◽  
Municipal Sewage Sludge

Soil amendment with municipal sewage sludge affects the immune system of earthworms Dendrobaena veneta

2013 ◽  
Vol 64 ◽  
pp. 237-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Rorat ◽  
Malgorzata Kacprzak ◽  
Franck Vandenbulcke ◽  
Barbara Płytycz
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Soil Amendment ◽  
Municipal Sewage ◽  
Municipal Sewage Sludge

A Pilot Plant Study of the Anaerobic Digestion of a Mixture of Municipal Sewage and Industrial Sludges

1992 ◽  
Vol 26 (9-11) ◽  
pp. 2465-2468 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Sugrue ◽  
G. Kiely ◽  
E. McKeogh
Keyword(s):  
Anaerobic Digestion ◽  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Pilot Project ◽  
County Council ◽  
Municipal Sewage ◽  
Municipal Sewage Sludge ◽  
One Year ◽  
Treatment And Disposal

With up to 100 tonnes/day of municipal sewage sludge, the municipality of Cork County Council had a problem of disposal. Spreading on agricultural land was the most common method of disposal until the 1986 EC Directive 86/278/EEC imposed severe restrictions on such a method. For industry in the county, the method of disposal was sometimes landfilling, but more often disposal at sea. The Helsinki Agreement terminates sea disposal. An evaluation of treatment and disposal means identified anaerobic digestion as an alternative to land and sea disposal. After anaerobic digestion, the sludge is sufficiently sti ilised to spread on land. A pilot project using a 20m3 reactor was studied for one year, using a fixture of municipal sewage sludge, yeast from a citric acid industry and abattoir waste (including blood, paunch contents and sheep's offal). The results were impressive; input sludge of 10% dry matter was reduced to 2%; the COD reduction approached 90%; in the mesophylic temperature range, the sludge was stabilised after an HRT of 29 days. The sludge after anaerobic digestion satisfies the EC limits for landspreading.

scholarly journals An Economic Impact of the Use of Sewage Sludge in Forage Production

1977 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 227-237
Author(s):  
Gary C. Reisner ◽  
Robert L. Christenser
Keyword(s):  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Economic Impact ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Organic Materials ◽  
Task Force ◽  
Municipal Sewage ◽  
Municipal Sewage Sludge ◽  
Forage Production ◽  
Public Agencies ◽  
Task Forces

In 1976 the Massachusetts Commission on Organic Recycling was formed to assess the feasibility of recycling several organic materials. One of the Task Forces operating under the auspices of the Commission was called the Task Force on “The Feasibility of Application of Municipal Sewage Sludge on Agricultural Land in Massachusetts”. The Task Force, composed of scientists and technical specialists from several public agencies prepared and submitted a report to the Commission.

Potential for Municipal Sewage Sludge Application on Agricultural Lands in Southern Quebec

1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 469-480 ◽  
Author(s):  
L Vasseur ◽  
W Shipley ◽  
C Ansseau
Keyword(s):  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
System Modeling ◽  
Land Application ◽  
Geographical Information ◽  
Municipal Sewage ◽  
Municipal Sewage Sludge ◽  
Agricultural Lands ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Sludge Application

Abstract In the present study, sludge composition from 112 municipalities in southern Quebec, Canada, were studied in order to examine the potential of alternative, environmentally sound sludge disposal, such as land application. Twenty-four municipalities with complete data set produced 24,000 dry tons of sludge per year. Of this amount, 47% (11,000 dry tons) could potentially be used for agricultural land application, according to Quebec standards. The other municipalities could not use their sludge for agricultural land application because of heavy metal contamination. The available areas of agricultural lands in southern Quebec are limited to about 149,454 ha. Considering that only 15% of this surface is adequate for sludge application and that a large part is already applied with manure, only 86,683 ha could be used for sludge application. Geographical Information System modeling in a smaller portion of this region showed that another 38% of land must be removed for other reasons, e.g., buffer zones around water bodies and roads. This left a surface area of approximately 54,000 ha or 5.4% of all agricultural land available for sewage sludge application in this region. Land application of sewage sludge may be possible but not without some limitations in some regions of southern Quebec. Other factors, such as pathogens contamination, climatic constraints and economic costs for the transportation and storage of sludge, must also be considered.

scholarly journals Pyrolysis of Municipal Sewage Sludge to Investigate Char and Phosphorous Yield together with Heavy-Metal Removal—Experimental and by Thermodynamic Calculations

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 1477
Author(s):  
Naeimeh Vali ◽  
Lars-Erik Åmand ◽  
Aurélie Combres ◽  
Tobias Richards ◽  
Anita Pettersson
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Microwave Plasma ◽  
Metal Removal ◽  
Heavy Metal Removal ◽  
Municipal Sewage ◽  
Municipal Sewage Sludge ◽  
Chemical Fractionation ◽  
Different Temperatures

Sewage sludge is regarded as a potential source for soil fertilizer However, the direct utilization of sewage sludge in agricultural land is restricted since it also contains heavy metals, pathogens, and toxic compounds. Pyrolysis of the sewage sludge destroys the organic pollutants and partly volatilizes the heavy metals. In this study, pyrolysis of sewage sludge was carried out in order to determine the optimum residence time and temperature to recover the phosphorous and remove heavy metals from the resultant sewage sludge char (SSC). Pyrolysis was conducted on dried sewage sludge (DSS) by means of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and high-temperature oven with an N2-atmosphere. Microwave Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (MP-AES) was used to determine the concentration of P and trace elements in the resulting solid char fraction. A combination of chemical fractionation (step-by-step leaching) of the DSS and thermodynamic equilibrium calculations were utilized to estimate the availability of phosphorous and removal of heavy metals in the SSC fraction at different temperatures. The results from the thermodynamics calculation were in line with the measured chemical composition of the SSC. Furthermore, the energy contents of the SSC obtained at different temperatures were measured. The pyrolysis evaluation results indicate that phosphorous was enriched in the char, while lead, zinc, and cadmium were significantly removed.

scholarly journals Assessing the quality of sewage sludge as an agricultural soil amendment in Mediterranean habitats

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (S1) ◽  
pp. 377-383 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dany Romanos ◽  
Nabil Nemer ◽  
Yara Khairallah ◽  
Marie Thérèse Abi Saab
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Soil Amendment ◽  
Metal Content ◽  
Agricultural Soil ◽  
Municipal Sewage ◽  
Municipal Sewage Sludge ◽  
Pathogenic Microorganisms ◽  
Monthly Basis ◽  
Helminth Eggs

Abstract Purpose Municipal sewage sludge generated from three operational wastewater treatment plants, located in the Bekaa valley of Lebanon, was assessed for its potential use as agricultural soil amendment. Methods Sludge samples were taken from three treatment plants located in the villages of Iaat, Ablah and Joub Jannine during the summer season of 2018, from June to September, on a monthly basis. The evaluation was based on characterizing the physicochemical parameters such as the metal content, the pathogenic microorganisms (Salmonella, E.Coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Helminth eggs, Ascaris, Acinetobacter) and the phytotoxicity–stability indicators of the sludge samples. Results The obtained results were compared to the Lebanese guidelines for sludge reuse in agriculture. For the physicochemical analysis, all the samples showed a possibility to be used in agriculture due to the high content of minerals and organic matter. Considering the metal content of sludge, Iaat and Ablah sludge were classified as Class A according to the Lebanese guidelines; however, sludge from Joub Janine was classified as B due to its high content of zinc that exceeded the limit of 700 ppm. Helminth eggs and Salmonella were absent in the sludge samples. Pathogenic organisms, mainly E. coli, were detected in Iaat dry sludge, Staphylococcus aureus was present in Joub Jannine sludge and Acinetobacter in Ablah station (> 100 CFU/100 g). Conclusion It is recommended to submit the sludge which did not meet the required criteria, for further treatments, particularly the composting process to reduce the metal content and pathogenic microorganisms for a safer reuse in agriculture.

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