Phosphorus losses from sewage sludge disposed on a field: evidence from storm event simulations

2000 ◽  
Vol 42 (9) ◽  
pp. 179-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Vanden Bossche ◽  
J. M. Audic ◽  
A. Huyard ◽  
C. Gascuel-Odoux ◽  
F. Trolard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Overland Flow ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Storm Event ◽  
Storm Events ◽  
Runoff Water ◽  
Sludge Disposal ◽  
Field Evidence ◽  
Erosion Intensity

Sewage sludge is used as fertilizer, owing to its nutrient contents. But little is known about the consequences of sludge disposal on erosion intensity and P losses from soil to runoff. This paper reports on a study of three simulated storm events (40 mm h-1 during 30 min), performed on a field supplied with liquid sludge (23 g L-1 of dry solid). The sludge phosphorus content was 26.5 g kg-1 of dry solid. The runoff and erosion intensity as well as the P losses were monitored during the experiment. The distribution of phosphorus on the soil surface, was investigated after the last simulation. Sludge disposal reduced the total amount of runoff water collected during the experiment from 290 m3 ha−1 to 134 m33 ha−1. It also decreased the quantity of sediment exported from 1200 kg ha−1 to 500 kg ha−1 and the total phosphorus loss from 2.7 kg ha-1 P to 1.4 kg ha−1 P. But, it increased the average concentration of dissolved phosphorus in the overland flow from 0.15 mg L−1 P to 0.57 mg L−1 P. The distribution pattern of P and organic matter, on the soil surface, after the simulations, showed a heterogeneity induced by the runoff processes. This effect is increased by sludge disposal.

Evaluation of the potential to dispose of sewage-sludge. 1. Soil hydraulic and overland-flow properties of Pinus plantations in Queensland

Soil Research ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 1041 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Costantini ◽  
RJ Loch ◽  
SF Glanville ◽  
DN Orange
Keyword(s):  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Ground Water ◽  
Overland Flow ◽  
Water Movement ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Water Infiltration ◽  
Podzolic Soils ◽  
Antecedent Conditions ◽  
Ground Water Pollution ◽  
Sludge Application

The studies reported in this paper were designed to evaluate the potential for disposal of sewage sludge in commercial Pinus plantations at Beerburrum, 50 km north of Brisbane. Soil descriptions and measurements of hydraulic properties were made in three soils, covering the range of perceived site suitability for sludge application. Disc permeameters and a rainfall simulator were used to characterize surface infiltration properties both with and without sludge, and ponded rings were used to assess permeability of the upper B horizon. Although surface hydraulic conductivities were potentially high, infiltration into dry soil was reduced by water repellence associated with fungal matting at the soil surface and mycelia extending through the Al horizon. Surface runoff could be generated from dry soils by relatively low intensity rainfall events, and the rate and volume of runoff was not increased by broadcast sludge application. Hydraulic conductivities of the upper Bt horizons in the lateritic and yellow podzolic soils were high, suggesting that persistent perched watertable development was unlikely. However, the presence of bleached A2 horizons and gleyed Bt horizons with prominent mottling in these soils were interpreted as evidence of periodic regional ground-water intrusion. By contrast, hydraulic conductivity in the Bt horizon of the soloth was low, suggesting that locally restricted drainage occurs. Likely pathways of water movement were inferred for three representative soil types in the proposed sludge application project. There is potential for both Hortonian runoff when antecedent conditions are dry, and saturated runoff during prolonged wet periods. Potential off-site pollution could therefore occur if either solids or solutes from the sludge are susceptible to transport. In addition, preferential how paths of water infiltration were demonstrated, and the potential for accelerated water and solute movement to ground watertables was inferred. The studies reported in this, and the second, paper in the series were used to appraise the potential for either surface water or ground water pollution from land-based sludge disposal.

Seasonal changes in pathways of dissolved organic carbon through a hillslope soil (Xeralf) with contrasting texture

Soil Research ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 465 ◽  
Author(s):  
DJ Chittleborough ◽  
KRJ Smettem ◽  
E Cotsaris ◽  
FW Leaney
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Dissolved Organic Carbon ◽  
Overland Flow ◽  
Podzolic Soil ◽  
Marked Decrease ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Storm Events ◽  
Dry Period ◽  
Doc Concentration ◽  
Texture Contrast

The pathways of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) through a podzolic soil (Xeralf) with strong texture contrast are described. During winter, most of the DOC passes through macropores in the profile and flows laterally through the B horizons. During summer the presence of dry, hydrophobic organic matter on the soil surface and the A1 horizon causes DOC to flow overland. DOC concentrations vary seasonally. Highest concentrations are measured during summer overland flow. For all horizons, the longer the dry period the greater the DOC concentration in the subsequent flow. During storm events there is a marked flushing effect in the B horizons but in the A horizon and the surface, DOC concentrations tend to rise. There was a marked decrease in DOC concentration in flow from the B3 compared to the upper horizons. This may be due to adsorption by fine clays lining the macropores.

scholarly journals Investigation of Soil Erosion from Bare Steep Slopes of the Humid Tropic Philippines

2005 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 1-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. L. Presbitero ◽  
C. W. Rose ◽  
B. Yu ◽  
C. A. A. Ciesiolka ◽  
K. J. Coughlan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Loss ◽  
Overland Flow ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Infiltration Rate ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Roughness Coefficient ◽  
Storm Events ◽  
State College ◽  
Erosion Processes

Abstract At the Visayas State College of Agriculture (ViSCA) on the island of Leyte in the Philippines, hydrologic and soil-loss measurements were recorded for 32 erosion events over 3 yr on three 12-m-long bare soil plots with slopes of approximately 50%, 60%, and 70%. Measurements included rainfall and runoff rates at 1-min intervals, total soil lost per event from the plot, rill details when observed after an erosion event, and soil settling-velocity characteristics. Storm events are characterized by high rainfall rates but quite low rates of runoff, because of the consistently high infiltration rate of the stable clay soil (an Oxic Dystropept). Both observation and modeling indicated that overland flow is commonly so shallow that much of the soil surface is likely to be unsubmerged. For the 70% slope plot, half the events recorded mean sediment concentrations from 100 to 570 kg m−3. A somewhat constant hydrologic lag between rainfall and runoff is used to estimate a Manning’s roughness coefficient n of about 0.1 m−1/3 s, a value used to estimate velocity of overland flow. Possible effects of shallow flows and high sediment concentrations on existing erosion theory are investigated theoretically but are found to have only minor effects for the ViSCA dataset. A soil erodibility parameter β was evaluated for the data whenever rilling was recorded following an erosion event. The values of β indicate that, except for events with higher stream powers, other erosion processes in addition to overland flow could have contributed to soil loss from erosion plots in a significant number of events.

scholarly journals Preliminary Examination on isolation of Microplastics (MPs) in Sewage Sludge from the Local Wastewater Treatment Plant

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 7514-7516
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plant ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Sludge Disposal ◽  
Preliminary Examination ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
Southeast Asian Countries

The outfalls from wastewater treatment plant has become a major receptor for the release of large quantity of microplastics (MPs) in the environment. To investigate such premise, the present work investigates the preliminary study on detecting and isolating the microplastics present in the sewage sludges, which extensively used as a fertilizer. Especially, the sludge-based MPs are greatly found in India and Southeast Asian countries. The average concentration MPs found in the sludge was found to be 31x103 particles per kg of dry sludge. In order to evaluate the performance of the methods used, spike study was tested using Polystyrene, polyethylene terephthalate and polyethylene materials. These outcomes confirmed that sewage sludge disposal is one of the main sources of microplastic pollution in the ecosystem.

Simulation of nonpoint source pollutant loadings from urban area during rainfall: an application of a physically-based distributed model

1998 ◽  
Vol 38 (10) ◽  
pp. 199-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhang Haiping ◽  
Kiyoshi Yamada
Keyword(s):  
Urban Area ◽  
Overland Flow ◽  
Drainage System ◽  
Distributed Model ◽  
Storm Event ◽  
Urban Watershed ◽  
Storm Events ◽  
Runoff Generation ◽  
Time Step ◽  
Physically Based

A physically-based, distributed model, PROUW, is applied to a small urban watershed in Japan with an area of 66.18 ha. The model includes a description of evapotranspiration, percolation, runoff generation, overland flow routing, pollutant accumulation in dry weathers and washoff during storm events, overland pollutant routing, and flow and pollutant routing in drainage system. The finite difference schematization of the urban watershed provides a representation of the spatial pattern of topography, land-use, soil types and meteorological inputs. The watershed is divided into 7500 grids of 10m × 10m and the runoff rate and pollutant loadings are simulated with a time step of 5 sec. The data for the storm event of April 28, 1995 is used for model calibration. Simulated hydrograph and pollutographs of the storm event of April 18, 1995 are compared with the observed data. Results show a reasonable degree of fit, indicating that the model provides a reasonable interpretation of the overall runoff and pollutant generation processes in the urban area. The results also suggest that the model should be improved further by incorporating new reliable equations for pollutant washoff estimation.

Modelling of Solute Transfer to Surface Runoff

1992 ◽  
Vol 26 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 1851-1856 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Lai ◽  
K. S. L. Lo
Keyword(s):  
Potassium Chloride ◽  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Overland Flow ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Runoff Water ◽  
Mixing Depth ◽  
Change Rate ◽  
Solute Transfer ◽  
The Media

A mixing-based model for describing solute transfer to overland flow was developed. This model included a time-dependent mixing depth of the top layer and a complete-mixed surface runoff zone. In a series of laboratory experiments, runoff was passed at various velocities and depths over a medium bed. The media were saturated with uniform concentration of potassium chloride solution. Runoff water was sampled at the beginning and end of the flume and the potassium chloride concentration analyzed. Using this model, dimensionless ultimate mixing depth and dimensionless change rate of mixing depth from experimental data were investigated and implemented. The results showed that the Reynolds number and relative roughness are two important factors.

First flush effects in an urban catchment area in Aalborg

1998 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 251-257 ◽  
Author(s):  
Torben Larsen ◽  
Kirsten Broch ◽  
Margit Riis Andersen
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Catchment Area ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
First Flush ◽  
Storm Events ◽  
Urban Catchment ◽  
Discharge Measurements ◽  
Quality Measurements

The paper describes the results of measurements from a 2 year period on a 95 hectare urban catchment in Aalborg, Denmark. The results of the rain/discharge measurements include 160 storm events corresponding to an accumulated rain depth of totally 753 mm. The water quality measurements include 15 events with time series of concentration of SS, COD, BOD, total nitrogen and total phosphorus. The quality parameters showed significant first flush effects. The paper discusses whether either the event average concentration or the accumulated event mass is the most appropriate way to characterize the quality of the outflow.

scholarly journals The Relevance of Grated Inlets within Surface Drainage Systems in the Field of Urban Flood Resilience. A Review of Several Experimental and Numerical Simulation Approaches

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (13) ◽  
pp. 7189
Author(s):  
Beniamino Russo ◽  
Manuel Gómez Valentín ◽  
Jackson Tellez-Álvarez
Keyword(s):  
Overland Flow ◽  
Drainage System ◽  
Critical Conditions ◽  
Hydraulic Efficiency ◽  
Storm Events ◽  
Urban Resilience ◽  
Urban Flood ◽  
Drainage Systems ◽  
Surface Drainage ◽  
Intense Storm

Urban drainage networks should be designed and operated preferably under open channel flow conditions without flux return, backwater, or overflows. In the case of extreme storm events, urban pluvial flooding is generated by the excess of surface runoff that could not be conveyed by pressurized sewer pipes, due to its limited capacity or, many times, due to the poor efficiency of surface drainage systems to collect uncontrolled overland flow. Generally, the hydraulic design of sewer systems is addressed more for underground networks, neglecting the surface drainage system, although inadequate inlet spacings and locations can cause dangerous flooding with relevant socio-economic impacts and the interruption of critical services and urban activities. Several experimental and numerical studies carried out at the Technical University of Catalonia (UPC) and other research institutions demonstrated that the hydraulic efficiency of inlets can be very low under critical conditions (e.g., high circulating overland flow on steep areas). In these cases, the hydraulic efficiency of conventional grated inlets and continuous transverse elements can be around 10–20%. Their hydraulic capacity, expressed in terms of discharge coefficients, shows the same criticism with values quite far from those that are usually used in several project practice phases. The grate clogging phenomenon and more intense storm events produced by climate change could further reduce the inlets’ performance. In this context, in order to improve the flood urban resilience of our cities, the relevance of the hydraulic behavior of surface drainage systems is clear.

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