scholarly journals Methodology for the national water savings models– indoor residential and commercial/institutional products, and outdoor residential products

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 879-890 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonah Schein ◽  
Peter Chan ◽  
Yuting Chen ◽  
Camilla Dunham ◽  
Heidi Fuchs ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Life Cycle Cost ◽  
Impact Analysis ◽  
National Level ◽  
Water Savings ◽  
Product Lifetime ◽  
Market Saturation ◽  
Monetary Savings ◽  
Analysis Models ◽  
National Water

Abstract Since 2006, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has operated WaterSense® in partnership with manufacturers, utilities, and consumer groups. Similar to EPA's ENERGY STAR® role for energy-efficient products, WaterSense® employs a labeling system to identify water-efficient products, homes, and services. As of 2015, the WaterSense® program can claim credit for a total savings of 1.5 trillion gallons of water and $32.6 billion in consumer water and energy bills. Savings are tracked in the National Water Savings (NWS) model that combines innovative analyses with methodologies established in the energy sector. Merging life-cycle cost and national impact analysis models, the NWS model estimates savings from a bottom-up accounting method for individual products. The model extends those savings to the national level by employing parameters such as frequency of product use by number of people and building type, product lifetime, stock accounting, and market saturation. The NWS model tracks the water and consumer monetary savings of WaterSense-labeled products for residential and commercial water use both indoors and out.

scholarly journals Methodology for the National Water Savings Model and Spreadsheet Tool Commercial/Institutional

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Chan ◽  
Tim Long ◽  
Alison Williams ◽  
Moya Melody
Keyword(s):  
Water Savings ◽  
National Water

scholarly journals Resources for National Water Savings for Outdoor Water Use

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moya Melody ◽  
Hannah Stratton ◽  
Alison Williams ◽  
Camilla Dunham
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Water Savings ◽  
Outdoor Water Use ◽  
National Water

Mercury and Air Toxics Standards: Co-Benefits and the Courts in U.S. Cost-Benefit Analysis

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Arik Levinson
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Impact Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Recent Change ◽  
Mercury Pollution ◽  
Regulatory Impact Analysis ◽  
Regulatory Impact ◽  
The U.S

In April 2017, the U.S. Court of Appeals in Washington DC agreed with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to delay indefinitely a lawsuit over the Agency’s regulation governing mercury pollution from power plants. Lawyers for the EPA argued that they needed time to evaluate the status of the lawsuit, due to “the recent change in Administration.” The case, Murray v. EPA, centers on the Agency’s analysis of the benefits of reducing mercury pollution. Key to that litigation is the EPA’s treatment of co-benefits—the incidental reductions to pollutants aside from mercury. As of this writing, the Agency has still not decided how to proceed. This case summarizes the EPA’s 2011 Regulatory Impact Analysis at the heart of the legal dispute.1

scholarly journals Prediction Models in Women with Postmenopausal Bleeding: A Systematic Review

2012 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 251-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nehalennia van Hanegem ◽  
Maria C Breijer ◽  
Brent C Opmeer ◽  
Ben WJ Mol ◽  
Anne Timmermans
Keyword(s):  
Endometrial Cancer ◽  
Impact Analysis ◽  
Prediction Models ◽  
External Validation ◽  
Power Doppler ◽  
Elevated Risk ◽  
Postmenopausal Bleeding ◽  
Internal Validation ◽  
Phases Of Development ◽  
Analysis Models

Postmenopausal bleeding is associated with an elevated risk of having endometrial cancer. The aim of this review is to give an overview of existing prediction models on endometrial cancer in women with postmenopausal bleeding. In a systematic search of the literature, we identified nine prognostic studies, of which we assessed the quality, the different phases of development and their performance. From these data, we identified the most important predictor variables. None of the detected models completed external validation or impact analysis. Models including power Doppler showed best performance in internal validation, but Doppler in general gynecological practice is not easily accessible. We can conclude that we have indications that the first step in the approach of women with postmenopausal bleeding should be to distinguish between women with low risk versus high risk of having endometrial carcinoma and the next step would be to refer patients for further (invasive) testing.

scholarly journals Estimating the Job Impacts of Environmental Regulation

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 325-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Belova ◽  
Wayne B. Gray ◽  
Joshua Linn ◽  
Richard D. Morgenstern ◽  
William Pizer
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Regulation ◽  
Environmental Economics ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Regulatory Agency ◽  
Impact Analysis ◽  
Full Employment ◽  
Census Bureau ◽  
Demand Elasticity ◽  
Discussion Paper ◽  
Regulatory Impact Analysis

In the face of strong policy interest in the possible regulation–jobs linkage and weak analytical evidence to support a generalizable conclusion, what should a regulatory agency like the Environmental Protection Agency do in a regulatory impact analysis (RIA)? Initially, an RIA should start with a clear concept of what the regulatory agency is trying to estimate. Much of the popular debate is looking for a total job effect. Yet one thing we do know is that, in aggregate, there will not be a net job change unless the economy deviates from its normal rate of full employment. The gist of our literature review suggests that looking to historic data for stable statistical relationships between regulatory spending and job changes, even in a single industry, is tenuous at best. However, the intuition is relatively easy to trace out with certain assumptions: (1) added costs imply added activity that entails added jobs; (2) higher product prices or other regulatory limits imply less production that entails fewer jobs. Taking an average employment rate per dollar of relevant economic activity, coupled with an assumed demand elasticity, these effects can be multiplied out into job changes, although such simple calculations must be tested by validating key assumptions or exploring the estimates sensitivity to alternatives. New estimates by Belova, Gray, Linn and Morgenstern [(2013a).Environmental Regulation And Industry Employment: A Reassessment. Center for Economic Studies, U.S. Census Bureau Discussion Paper, CES 1336, July.] indicate that extending and expanding the widely cited approach by Morgenstern, Pizer and Shih [(2002). Jobs Versus the Environment: An Industry-Level Perspective.Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 43, 412–436] is unlikely to be successful. Finally, more effort is needed to inform the public about the potential job impacts of new regulations, especially the distinction of these impacts from long-term technological and economic trends.

A 2-D Axisymmetric Indentation Model for Peening Residual Stress in Metallic Material and its Experimental Verification

2018 ◽  
Vol 789 ◽  
pp. 137-143
Author(s):  
Taeh Yung Kim ◽  
Hyo Deuk An ◽  
Nam Ju Lee
Keyword(s):  
Residual Stress ◽  
Impact Analysis ◽  
Fe Model ◽  
Analytical Prediction ◽  
Analysis Model ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Surface Residual Stress ◽  
Metallic Material ◽  
Indentation Analysis ◽  
Analysis Models

Various impact analysis models have been used for analytical prediction of peeningresidual stress. In this paper, a new approach based on finite element (FE) analysis was proposed topredict the peening residual stress through single indentation analysis using the dent profilegenerated on a shot-peened surface. Three analysis models (rigid, elastic, and plastic shots) werecompared each other, and the dent obtained in the plastic shot impact analysis model showed a dentprofile almost identical to that of the experimentally obtained dent. A rigid indenter modelconstructed using the dent profile obtained by dynamic impact analysis, and it integrated into thesingle indentation analysis model. The FE surface residual stress obtained in the center of the dentof the indentation analysis model was found to be almost identical to the surface residual stressmeasured by X-ray diffraction (XRD), thus verifying the validity of the proposed single basicindentation FE model based on impact analysis.

Inter-provincial electricity transmissions’ co-benefit of national water savings in China

2019 ◽  
Vol 229 ◽  
pp. 350-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiawei Liao ◽  
Li Chai ◽  
Yu Jiang ◽  
Junping Ji ◽  
Xu Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Water Savings ◽  
National Water

Predicting the hydraulic and life-cycle cost performance of rainwater harvesting systems using a computer based modelling tool

2007 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
R.M Roebuck ◽  
R.M. Ashley
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle Cost ◽  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Potential Cost ◽  
Capital Costs ◽  
Harvesting Systems ◽  
Computer Based ◽  
Monetary Savings ◽  
Lifetime Expenditure ◽  
Financial Issues

Rainwater harvesting systems are a recognised technique for reducing reliance on potable mains supply and as a potential way to save money. However, the widespread uptake of these systems has been slow partly due to the level of uncertainty surrounding hydraulic and financial performance. Current methods of assessment tend to be simplistic, using generalised rather than site-specific data. Often little account is taken of financial issues other than capital costs, such as operating/maintenance and decommissioning expenses. To overcome these shortcomings, a computer based modelling tool called RainCycle© was developed that has the capability to perform more detailed analysis than is possible with existing methods. The program includes a detailed hydraulic model of a typical rainwater harvesting system and also has the ability to explicitly account for all major costs associated with these systems. Modelling a number of proposed designs revealed that many of the current methods overestimate the hydraulic efficiency and potential cost savings that are achievable. However, it was found that water and monetary savings are still possible under favourable conditions. Further, it was found that capital, maintenance and required mains top-up water account for the majority of the whole life costs, whilst energy and decommissioning costs represent a small fraction of the required lifetime expenditure.

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