scholarly journals Pipe replacement by age only, how misleading could it be?

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 846-854 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Pardo ◽  
J. Valdes-Abellan
Keyword(s):  
Water Distribution ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Water Distribution Networks ◽  
Water Utility ◽  
Efficient Management ◽  
Utility Companies ◽  
Pipe Replacement ◽  
Energy Audits ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Traditional methods for prioritizing the renewal of water are based on heuristic models, such as the number of breaks per length, rule-of-thumb, and records held by the water utility companies. Efficient management of water distribution networks involves factoring in water and energy losses as the key criteria for planning pipe renewal. Prioritizing the replacement of a pipe according to the highest value of unit headloss due to ageing does not consider the impact on water and energy consumption for the whole network. Thus, this paper proposes a methodology to prioritize pipe replacement according to water and energy savings per monetary unit invested – economic prioritization. This renewal plan shows different results if comparing with replacing pipelines with regard to age and it requires calculating water and energy audits of the water distribution networks. Moreover, the required time to recover the investment performed needs to be calculated. The methodology proposed in this work is compared with the unit headloss criterion used in a real water-pressurized network. The results demonstrate that using the unit headloss criterion neither water, energy nor the investment is optimized. Significant water and energy savings are not fully exploited.

scholarly journals Optimal Placement of Pressure Gauges for Water Distribution Networks Using Entropy Theory Based on Pressure Dependent Hydraulic Simulation

Entropy ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (8) ◽  
pp. 576 ◽  
Author(s):  
Do Yoo ◽  
Dong Chang ◽  
Yang Song ◽  
Jung Lee
Keyword(s):  
Water Distribution ◽  
Pressure Gauge ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Entropy Method ◽  
Water Distribution Networks ◽  
Optimal Placement ◽  
Hydraulic Simulation ◽  
Priority Order ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Pressure Driven

This study proposed a pressure driven entropy method (PDEM) that determines a priority order of pressure gauge locations, which enables the impact of abnormal condition (e.g., pipe failures) to be quantitatively identified in water distribution networks (WDNs). The method developed utilizes the entropy method from information theory and pressure driven analysis (PDA), which is the latest hydraulic analysis method. The conventional hydraulic approach has problems in determining the locations of pressure gauges, attributable to unrealistic results under abnormal conditions (e.g., negative pressure). The proposed method was applied to two benchmark pipe networks and one real pipe network. The priority order for optimal locations was produced, and the result was compared to existing approach. The results of the conventional method show that the pressure reduction difference of each node became so excessive, which resulted in a distorted distribution. However, with the method developed, which considers the connectivity of a system and the influence among nodes based on PDA and entropy method results, pressure gauges can be more realistically and reasonably located.

scholarly journals Analysis of the Segment Graph of Water Distribution Networks

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 295-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamás Huzsvár ◽  
Richárd Wéber ◽  
Csaba János Hős
Keyword(s):  
Distribution System ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Water Distribution Networks ◽  
Main Body ◽  
Complex Network Theory ◽  
Graph Properties ◽  
Quantitative Topology ◽  
The Impact

One of the basic infrastructures of every settlement is the water distribution system, which provides clean and potable water for both private houses, industrial consumers and institution establishments. The operational robustness and vulnerabilities of these networks is an essential issue, both for the quality of life and for the preservation of the environment. Even with frequent and careful maintenance, unintentional pipe bursts might occur, and during the reparation time, the damaged section must be isolated hydraulically from the main body of the water distribution network. Due to the size and complexity of these networks, it might not be trivial how to isolate the burst section, especially if one wishes to minimize the impact on the overall system. This paper presents an algorithmic method that is capable of creating isolation plans for real-life networks in a computationally efficient way, based on the graph properties of the network. Besides this segmentation plan, the topological behavior of the structural graph properties was analyzed with the help of the complex network theory to create a method for the quantitative topology based categorization of the water distribution networks.

RISKNOUGHT: Stress-testing platform for cyber-physical water distribution networks

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dionysios Nikolopoulos ◽  
Georgios Moraitis ◽  
Dimitrios Bouziotas ◽  
Archontia Lykou ◽  
George Karavokiros ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Distribution ◽  
Stress Testing ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Cyber Physical Systems ◽  
Water Utilities ◽  
Water Distribution Networks ◽  
Control Logic ◽  
Physical Systems ◽  
Testing Platform ◽  
The Impact

<p>Emergent threats in the water sector have the form of cyber-physical attacks that target SCADA systems of water utilities. Examples of attacks include chemical/biological contamination, disruption of communications between network elements and manipulating sensor data. RISKNOUGHT is an innovative cyber-physical stress testing platform, capable of modelling water distribution networks as cyber-physical systems. The platform simulates information flow of the cyber layer’s networking and computational elements and the feedback interactions with the physical processes under control. RISKNOUGHT utilizes an EPANET-based solver with pressure-driven analysis functionality for the physical process and a customizable network model for the SCADA system representation, which is capable of implementing complex control logic schemes within a simulation. The platform enables the development of composite cyber-physical attacks on various elements of the SCADA including sensors, actuators and PLCs, assessing the impact they have on the hydraulic response of the distribution network, the quality of supplied water and the level of service to consumers. It is envisaged that this platform could help water utilities navigate the ever-changing risk landscape of the digital era and help address some of the modern challenges due to the ongoing transformation of water infrastructure into cyber-physical systems.</p>

scholarly journals Appraising the Impact of Pressure Control on Leakage Flow in Water Distribution Networks

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (19) ◽  
pp. 2617
Author(s):  
Thapelo C. Mosetlhe ◽  
Yskandar Hamam ◽  
Shengzhi Du ◽  
Eric Monacelli
Keyword(s):  
Water Distribution ◽  
Pressure Control ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Water Distribution Networks ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Model Free ◽  
Critical Nodes ◽  
Control Scheme ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Nodal Pressure

Water losses in Water Distribution Networks (WDNs) are inevitable. This is due to joints interconnections, ageing infrastructure and excessive pressure at lower demand. Pressure control has been showing promising results as a means of minimising water loss. Furthermore, it has been shown that pressure information at critical nodes is often adequate to ensure effective control in the system. In this work, a greedy algorithm for the identification of critical nodes is presented. An emulator for the WDN solution is put forward and used to simulate the dynamics of the WDN. A model-free control scheme based on reinforcement learning is used to interact with the proposed emulator to determine optimal pressure reducing valve settings based on the pressure information from the critical node. Results show that flows through the pipes and nodal pressure heads can be reduced using this scheme. The reduction in flows and nodal pressure leads to reduced leakage flows from the system. Moreover, the control scheme used in this work relies on the current operation of the system, unlike traditional machine learning methods that require prior knowledge about the system.

scholarly journals Performance Modeling and Simulation for Water Distribution Networks

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amin Ganjidoost ◽  
Mark A. Knight ◽  
Andre J. A. Unger ◽  
Carl T. Haas
Keyword(s):  
Modeling And Simulation ◽  
Asset Management ◽  
Management Strategy ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Performance Modeling ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Water Utilities ◽  
Water Distribution Networks ◽  
Implementation Framework ◽  
The Impact

This study develops an implementation framework for asset management strategic planning of water distribution networks to meet sustainable infrastructure, socio-political, and financial targets over the life cycle of the infrastructure. The proposed framework is comprised of three decision-making layers: (1) Visions and Values, (2) Function, and (3) Performance. The asset management strategy framework is implemented and validated by demonstrating functionality and value by using data from three water utilities in Canada. The Visions and Values layer is set to meet the needs of the water utilities' stakeholders. The Function layer uses an advanced system dynamics model to simulate and forecast the system's future behavior. The Performance layer benchmarks, compares, and graphically illustrates the situation and performance of water utilities against each other regardless of their size. Benchmarking results indicate that all three water utilities can sustainably meet the strategic targets established in the Visions and Values layer of the asset management strategy over the benchmarking period. The impact of the desired cash reserve on infrastructure and financial benchmarking performance indicators is also investigated to explore the “optimal” combination of allowable fee-hike and rehabilitation rates using the contour plots developed over the benchmarking period. The results indicate that the optimal combinations of allowable fee-hike of ~8% per year and rehabilitation rate of 1.3% per year along with a 1–4% cash reserve, depends on the network condition, will allow water utilities to have sufficient funds to meet their strategic targets. The performance modeling and simulation approach presented in this study represents a powerful tool for other utilities to develop optimal strategic and operational plans for their networks and thus better service to their stakeholders.

scholarly journals Pipeline failure prediction in water distribution networks using weather conditions as explanatory factors

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 1191-1200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Konstantinos Kakoudakis ◽  
Raziyeh Farmani ◽  
David Butler
Keyword(s):  
Water Distribution ◽  
Polynomial Regression ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Training Data ◽  
Water Distribution Networks ◽  
Annual Number ◽  
Pipe Failure ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
The Impact

Abstract This paper examines the impact of weather conditions on pipe failure in water distribution networks using artificial neural network (ANN) and evolutionary polynomial regression (EPR). A number of weather-related factors over 4 consecutive days are the input of the binary ANN model while the output is the occurrence or not of at least a failure during the following 2 days. The model is able to correctly distinguish the majority (87%) of the days with failure(s). The EPR is employed to predict the annual number of failures. Initially, the network is divided into six clusters based on pipe diameter and age. The last year of the monitoring period is used for testing while the remaining years since the beginning are retained for model development. An EPR model is developed for each cluster based on the relevant training data. The results indicate a strong relationship between the annual number of failures and frequency and intensity of low temperatures. The outputs from the EPR models are used to calculate the failures of the homogenous groups within each cluster proportionally to their length.

Cost optimization of water distribution networks by using artificial immune systems

2014 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miraç Eryiğit
Keyword(s):  
Water Distribution ◽  
Clonal Selection ◽  
Artificial Immune Systems ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Water Distribution Networks ◽  
Clonal Selection Algorithm ◽  
Artificial Immune ◽  
Immune Systems ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
The Impact

This study aims at the development of an optimization model based on artificial immune systems (AIS) to minimize cost designs of water distribution networks (WDNs). Clonal selection algorithm (Clonalg), a class of AIS, was used as an optimization technique in the model, and its mutation operation was modified to increase the diversity (search capability). EPANET, a widely known WDN simulator, was used in conjunction with the proposed model. The model was applied to four WDNs of Two-loop, Hanoi, Go Yang, New York City, and the results obtained were compared with other heuristic and mathematical optimization models in the related literature, such as harmony search, genetic algorithm, immune algorithm, shuffled complex evolution, differential evolution, and non-linear programming-Lagrangian algorithm. Furthermore, the modified Clonalg was compared with the classic Clonalg in order to demonstrate the impact of the modification on the diversity. The proposed model appeared to be promising in terms of cost designs of WDNs.

scholarly journals Quantifying the Computational Efficiency of Compressive Sensing in Smart Water Network Infrastructures

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (11) ◽  
pp. 3299 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Tzagkarakis ◽  
Pavlos Charalampidis ◽  
Stylianos Roubakis ◽  
Antonis Makrogiannakis ◽  
Panagiotis Tsakalides
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Sensing ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Smart Meters ◽  
Water Utility ◽  
Control Center ◽  
Smart Water ◽  
Network Infrastructures

Monitoring contemporary water distribution networks (WDN) relies increasingly on smart metering technologies and wireless sensor network infrastructures. Smart meters and sensor nodes are deployed to capture and transfer information from the WDN to a control center for further analysis. Due to difficulties in accessing the water assets, many water utility companies employ battery-powered nodes, which restricts the use of high sampling rates, thus limiting the knowledge we can extract from the recorder data. To mitigate this issue, compressive sensing (CS) has been introduced as a powerful framework for reducing dramatically the required bandwidth and storage resources, without diminishing the meaningful information content. Despite its well-established and mathematically rigorous foundations, most of the focus is given on the algorithmic perspective, while the real benefits of CS in practical scenarios are still underexplored. To address this problem, this work investigates the advantages of a CS-based implementation on real sensing devices utilized in smart water networks, in terms of execution speedup and reduced ener experimental evaluation revealed that a CS-based scheme can reduce compression execution times around 50 % , while achieving significant energy savings compared to lossless compression, by selecting a high compression ratio, without compromising reconstruction fidelity. Most importantly, the above significant savings are achieved by simultaneously enabling a weak encryption of the recorded data without the need for additional encryption hardware or software components.

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