scholarly journals Comparison of trihalomethanes in the air of two indoor swimming pool facilities using different type of chlorination and different types of water

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 1350-1356 ◽  
Author(s):  
Therese B. Nitter ◽  
Wolfgang Kampel ◽  
Kristin v. H. Svendsen ◽  
Bjørn Aas
Keyword(s):  
Water Surface ◽  
Swimming Pool ◽  
Swimming Pools ◽  
Breathing Zone ◽  
Calcium Hypochlorite ◽  
Air Samples ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Indoor Swimming Pool ◽  
Different Types ◽  
By Products

Abstract Certain aspects of the distribution of disinfection by-products (DBPs) in the air of indoor swimming pools, the exposure of the users, and possible health effects, have not been well documented. To determine the distribution of trihalomethanes (THMs), measurements were performed at 0.05 m, 0.60 m and 1.50 m above the water surface. These heights were chosen to measure the exposure in the breathing zone of the users. Air samples were collected from two indoor swimming pool facilities in Norway. Facility 1 uses calcium hypochlorite and facility 2 uses sodium hypochlorite for water treatment. In facility 2, one of the swimming pools is filled with 33% seawater, while the other pools in this study were filled with freshwater. Higher values were measured at 0.05 m compared to 1.50 m. Negligible differences between the measurements at 0.60 m and 1.50 m above floor levels were obtained. On average, 282% higher concentrations of total THM (tTHM) were measured in facility 2. Different disinfection products and ventilation concepts are possible explanations. Swimmers are exposed to higher concentrations compared to users by the poolside. For future studies, it is crucial to measure as close to the water surface as possible.

scholarly journals Halogenated Disifection By-Products in Indoor Swimming Pool Water.

1998 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 473-479
Author(s):  
Yasuo TAKAHASHI ◽  
Kimi MORIYAMA ◽  
Masatoshi MORITA
Keyword(s):  
Swimming Pool ◽  
Pool Water ◽  
Indoor Swimming Pool ◽  
Swimming Pool Water ◽  
By Products

scholarly journals An exploration of disinfection by-products formation and governing factors in chlorinated swimming pool water

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 861-892 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huma Ilyas ◽  
Ilyas Masih ◽  
Jan Peter van der Hoek
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Dichloroacetic Acid ◽  
Swimming Pool ◽  
Residual Chlorine ◽  
Swimming Pools ◽  
Who Guidelines ◽  
Global Database ◽  
Pool Water ◽  
Swimming Pool Water ◽  
By Products

Abstract This paper investigates disinfection by-products (DBPs) formation and their relationship with governing factors in chlorinated swimming pools. The study compares concentrations of DBPs with WHO guidelines for drinking water quality recommended to screen swimming pool water quality. The statistical analysis is based on a global database of 188 swimming pools accumulated from 42 peer-reviewed journal publications from 16 countries. The mean and standard deviation of dichloroacetic acid and trichloroacetic acid were estimated as 282 ± 437 and 326 ± 517 μg L−1, respectively, which most often surpassed the WHO guidelines. Similarly, more than half of the examined pools had higher values of chloral hydrate (102 ± 128 μg L−1). The concentration of total chloramines (650 ± 490 μg L−1) was well above the WHO guidelines in all reported cases. Nevertheless, the reported values remained below the guidelines for most of the studied pools in the case of total trihalomethanes (134 ± 160 μg L−1), dichloroacetonitrile (12 ± 12 μg L−1) and dibromoacetonitrile (8 ± 11 μg L−1). Total organic carbon, free residual chlorine, temperature, pH, total nitrogen and bromide ions play a pivotal role in DBPs formation processes. Therefore, proper management of these governing factors could significantly reduce DBPs formation, thereby, contributing towards a healthy swimming pool environment.

scholarly journals Thermal Performance Prediction of Indoor Swimming Pool Solar Heating System Using Different Types of Flat-Plate Solar Collectors

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 08-18
Author(s):  
Laith Mohammad Haddy ◽  
Abdul-Salam D. M. Hassen
Keyword(s):  
Flat Plate ◽  
Solar Collector ◽  
Heating System ◽  
Solar Heating ◽  
Swimming Pool ◽  
Type D ◽  
Solar Fraction ◽  
Indoor Swimming Pool ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Flat Plate Solar Collector

The current study includes a theoretical study of the enfluence of different types of flat-plate solar collector on the solar fraction factor (ƒ) of a proposed solar heating system used for heating "alShaab Olympic Indoor Swimming Pool" located in Baghdad (Iraq) at a latitude of 33.32˚N. The swimming pool building has external dimensions of 95 m length, 51 m width, and 16.5 m height, it contains two pools, the first is for swimming with dimensions of (50 m * 21 m) with fixed depth of 1.8 m, the second is for diving with an irregular surface area of (351) m2 and with depth of 5 m. The Total thermal losses from the two pools to the pool hall and from the pool hall to the outdoor environment were calculated for four months of winter season (November, December, January and February) and a computer program was built using the MATLAB (R2008a) environment to solve the mathematical model equations in order to calculate the solar fraction facor (ƒ) of the proposed solar heating system at different solar collecting areas which are (2000,2500,3000,3500,4000,4500,5000,6000,7000,8000,9000,10000) m2 and at five different types of flat-plate solar collector which are (A: one cover black solar collector, B: one cover selective absorber solar collector, C: two cover black solar collector, D: two cover selective absorber solar collector, and E: pool absorber (PVC) solar collector). The results obtained showed that the highest values of solar fraction factor were obtained when using the solar collector type D, and the lowest values obtained when using the solar collector type E. The values of solar fraction factor (ƒ) of the proposed solar heating system, at solar collecting area of 10000m2 and at mass storage of water in the storage tank of 25 kg/m2 collecting area, for type D are 84.27 % for November, 72.74% for December, 69.4% for January, and 82.91% for February, and for type E are 56.14% for November, 41.15% for December, 37.17% for January, and 50.6% for February.

scholarly journals Feasibility of Grey Water Heat Recovery in Indoor Swimming Pools

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (14) ◽  
pp. 4221
Author(s):  
Joanna Liebersbach ◽  
Alina Żabnieńska-Góra ◽  
Iwona Polarczyk ◽  
Marderos Ara Sayegh
Keyword(s):  
Energy Demand ◽  
Heat Recovery ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Water Flow Rate ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Swimming Pool ◽  
Swimming Pools ◽  
Grey Water ◽  
Indoor Swimming Pool ◽  
Reduction Of Co2

Swimming pools are used around the world for recreational, rehabilitation and physical activity. From an energy and environmental standpoint, grey water as a waste thermal potential of swimming pools is a valuable heat source produced continuously in extensive, measurable and large quantities. The main objective of this article is to analyse the feasibility of proposed grey water heat recovery (GWHR) system from the showers and backwater from swimming pool filters for an indoor pool located in recreation centre in Poland. Analysis, calculations and results were obtained and discussions of water and energy consumption were carried out for the mentioned indoor swimming pool on the basis of real measurements case study for water flow rate, water temperature in swimming pools and showers. The results ensure a significant potential of energy savings by using the proposed GWHR system, which allows to reduce the energy demand by 34% up to 67% for pool water preheating and domestic hot water (DHW). The environmental impact of proposed GWHR system was analysed and calculated by using Common Air Quality Index. Environmental results are illustrated and discussed specially for the reduction of CO2, NOX, SOX emissions and dust and ensure a significant reduction of these pollutants in range of 34% to 48%.

Monitoring and Measurement of Thermal Performance of Solar Heated Outdoor Swimming Pools With Different Covers

Solar Energy ◽  
2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Anunciada-Santos ◽  
C. Gomes-Sousa ◽  
Isidoro Lillo Bravo ◽  
Valeriano Ruiz Herna´ndez
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Swimming Pool ◽  
Solar Irradiation ◽  
Swimming Pools ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Global Irradiation ◽  
Monitoring And Measurement ◽  
South Europe

A comparative analysis of the performances of three outdoor swimming pools for private use with different types of covers is presented in this paper. They are designed to take advantage of solar irradiation to maintain the swimming pool temperature within certain acceptable limits, so that the swimming pool can be used during most of the year under South-Europe climatic conditions. In this region, the annual global irradiation is of the order of 1800 kWh/m2 and air temperature is in the range from 0°C to 40°C during the whole year. No auxiliary boosting is used to heat the swimming pools.

scholarly journals Comparison of conventional and passive public utility buildings in Poland

2021 ◽  
Vol 1203 (2) ◽  
pp. 022035
Author(s):  
Ada Kołodziejczyk-Kęsoń
Keyword(s):  
Energy Saving ◽  
Healthy Lifestyle ◽  
Public Utility ◽  
Swimming Pool ◽  
Swimming Pools ◽  
Technical Documentation ◽  
Effective Work ◽  
Sustainable Housing ◽  
Good Physical Condition ◽  
Indoor Swimming Pool

Abstract Poland sees the increasing popularisation of sustainable housing and the growing awareness of the importance of sport development. A good physical condition of residents translates into effective work, whereas caring for the environment improves living standards. Introducing healthy lifestyle from an early age has the best results. Due to this fact in Poland every school has its own sports hall. The pilot programme to build swimming pools near every primary school was introduced in Lower-Silesian district and it is called ‘Dolnośląski Delfinek’ (Lower Silesian Little Dolphin). Swimming pool buildings are characterised by high demand for heat. Their operation burdens district budgets and indirectly every taxpayer. Those facilities are occasionally rented commercially to earn some money for maintenance expenses. The costs usually exceed the income of those buildings. The article discusses results of thermo-vision (infrared) tests and presents the analysis of the technical documentation of twenty eight public utility buildings located in Poland. The investigations encompass conventional, energy-saving and passive buildings. The conventional buildings described in the work are school swimming pools from the programme ‘Dolnośląski Delfinek’ (Lower-Silesian Little Dolphin), whereas energy-saving and passive buildings include office, industrial, hotel, educational and sports buildings (including an indoor swimming pool). This article aims to find the most effective design manner and energy-saving sports buildings construction such as swimming pools. The results obtained in the tests indicate the necessity of compliance with the energy-saving technology in the design and construction of public utility buildings. A conclusion arises that swimming pool buildings are the most suitable candidates for passive buildings.

scholarly journals Compliance of bathers to showering before swimming in a public pool in Toronto, Ontario

2021 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 107-113
Author(s):  
Oluyemisi Omisakin ◽  
Ian Young
Keyword(s):  
Organic Material ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Swimming Pool ◽  
Recreational Water ◽  
Swimming Pools ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Fecal Matter ◽  
By Products ◽  
Person Questionnaire

Bathers at public swimming pools should shower prior to entering the pool deck to remove organic material (e.g., sweat, lotions, fecal matter) that can increase the risk of recreational water illness and the formation of disinfection by-products. However, little research has been conducted to evaluate bathers’ pre-swimming showering practices. We conducted a cross-sectional study of bathers aged 18 years or older at a public swimming pool in Toronto, Ontario, to evaluate their showering habits. An in-person questionnaire was administered in October and November 2019. Bivariate associations were examined between selected variables and participants’ self-reported showering frequency prior to swimming (often or always vs. never, rarely, or sometimes). A total of 110 bathers agreed to participate. Most participants (63%) were aged 18–34, 56% identified as male, and 78.2% reported always or often showering before swimming. Of these individuals, only 34% reported using soap when showering. Participants that identified as male (vs. female) and an ethnicity other than white were more likely to report often or always showering, as were those that reported reading the pool rules and that observed other bathers taking a shower. Additional efforts are needed to educate bathers about the importance of showering prior to swimming in public pools.

scholarly journals The effectiveness of ozone-chlorine treatment for reducing chloramine concentration compared to chlorine treatment in swimming pools and whirlpools

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Derrick Mah ◽  
BCIT School of Health Sciences, Environmental Health ◽  
Helen Heacock
Keyword(s):  
Swimming Pool ◽  
Ozone Treatment ◽  
Concentration Limit ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Swimming Pools ◽  
Chlorine Disinfection ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Analysis System ◽  
By Products

  Objectives: Chloramines are by-products of chlorine disinfected swimming pools and are hazardous to people if chloramines evaporate into the air. There is evidence that chloramines cause upper respiratory tract and eye irritation. It was suspected that ozone treatment in addition to chlorine disinfection will reduce chloramine levels in the pool. The following study compared chloramine concentration in a strictly chlorine disinfected swimming pool and whirlpool (C.G. Brown) in Burnaby, BC with an ozone-chlorine disinfected swimming pool and whirlpool (Killarney) in Vancouver, BC. The study also compared each pool and whirlpool to the 1.0 mg/L combined chlorine concentration limit in the B.C. Pool Regulation. Methods: Chloramine concentrations were determined by using a Hach Pocket Colorimeter 2 Analysis System which used a DPD method of analysis. Chloramine was determined by subtracting total chlorine by the free chlorine. Thirty pool water samples were analyzed based on two samples per pool per day for fifteen days. A two sample t-test was used to compare the ozone-chlorine treated pools with the chlorine only treated pools using the Mann-Whitney U test. A z-test was used to compare all types of swimming pools and whirlpools to the 1.0 mg/L limit. Results: The chloramine concentration in both the ozone-chlorine disinfected swimming pool and whirlpool was not statistically significantly lower than in the chlorine disinfected swimming pool (p=0.263597) and whirlpool (p=0.523672). Both types of swimming pools were found to be statistically significantly greater than the 1.0 mg/L chloramine limit (p=0.000023 in the chlorine pool and p=0.00001 for the ozone-chlorine pool). Similarly, both types of whirlpools were determined to be statistically significantly greater than the 1.0 mg/L chloramine limit (p=0.000001 for the chlorine pool and p=0.000001 for the ozone-chlorine pool). Conclusion: It was determined that there was no difference between ozone chlorine treated pools and chlorine only treated pools. Environmental Health Officers can suggest other forms of secondary treatment instead of ozone since there is no significant difference compared to chlorine only treated pools in reducing chloramine concentrations. This information is also beneficial for pool operators because they can increase their flow rates for pools that use ozonation or strictly chlorination relative to what they were originally designed for.  

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