scholarly journals Considering energy efficiency in filtration of engineering nanoparticles

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 1212-1218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Arkhangelsky ◽  
Inna Levitsky ◽  
Vitaly Gitis
Keyword(s):  
Energy Demand ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Consumer Products ◽  
Energy Costs ◽  
Sand Filtration ◽  
Gold And Silver Nanoparticles ◽  
Retention Efficiency ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
River Bank ◽  
Rapid Sand Filtration

Engineering nanoparticles (ENPs) are an integral part of consumer products. Released to the atmosphere or disposed to sewage, ENPs quickly penetrate to surface and ground water sources. An absence of a dedicated ENP-retaining water treatment strategy imposes a potential health threat on drinking water consumers. The threat is met by gearing up an upgrade of treatment systems towards membrane filtration that provides a better barrier to ENP penetration at higher energy costs. The current study compares the energy demand of granular and membrane filtrations, with the retention efficiency of inorganic and organic ENPs. Dedicated experiments with gold and silver nanoparticles, dyed viruses, proteins, polysaccharides, and plasmid DNA showed that the energy demand increases from slow to river bank to rapid sand filtration, and to membrane ultrafiltration (UF). The UF alone consumes on average two times more energy than the entire coagulation–flocculation–sedimentation–sand filtration tray. The differences in retention efficiency however are much less pronounced. The traditional retention tray requires 0.4–0.45 kWh per m3 of effluent (kWh/m3) to provide between 90% and 99% (1 and 2 logs) ENP retention; 1 kWh/m3 on average is needed to secure the retention of 99.9% (3 log) ENPs by UF.

Iron and manganese removal by a membrane filtration system

2001 ◽  
Vol 1 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 357-364 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Jimbo ◽  
K. Goto
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Manganese Concentration ◽  
Sand Filtration ◽  
Design Standards ◽  
Manganese Removal ◽  
Filtration System ◽  
Small Capacity ◽  
Rapid Sand Filtration ◽  
Removal System ◽  
Iron And Manganese

The design standards of the iron and manganese removal system by membrane filtration were investigated. The membrane filtration after pre-chlorination could remove iron completely and could remove around 70% of manganese. In the case of manganese concentration being more than 0.05 mg/l, the membrane filtration could remove them completely after the deposition in the oxidation tank. The concentrations of iron and manganese were reduced more than 90% by the oxidation tank and were reduced until under the detection limit after the membrane filtration. The economic comparisons between the rapid sand filtration system and this membrane filtration system in a small capacity and a middle capacity were investigated. The 15 years total costs of the membrane filtration system were estimated to be smaller than or around equal to the rapid sand filtration system in both capacities.

Oil Prices: Limits to Growth and the Depth of Falling

2006 ◽  
pp. 28-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Bashmakov
Keyword(s):  
Energy Demand ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Oil Prices ◽  
Production Factor ◽  
Energy Costs ◽  
Purchasing Power ◽  
Limits To Growth ◽  
Technological Basis ◽  
Production Factors ◽  
Output Ratio

This article deals with the determination of future oil prices. The approach used is based on the evaluation of purchasing power limits and allows to put the limits to monopolistic price setting. Several important findings are formulated: going beyond the upper thresholds of purchasing power stipulates negative relationship between energy costs and GDP growth rates, and this brings the dynamics to energy demand to price elasticity. This approach is also based on what the author calls the economics of constants and variables, i.e. on the existence of very stable macroeconomic proportions, which may be observed throughout the whole period of statistical observations (over 200 years). It provides grounds for two conclusions. First, the upper limit of energy costs to the gross output ratio is determined by the least acceptable profitability. Second, the theoretical postulate on substantial production factors substitution used in the production functions theory may be incorrect. In reality, the change of the economy technological basis leads to the substitution of low quality production factor by the same factor with a higher quality. Application of this approach brings the basis for predicting oil prices for 2006-2008.

Removal of Nematodes by Rapid Sand Filtration

1969 ◽  
Vol 95 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Irvine Wen-Tung Wei ◽  
R. S. Engelbrecht ◽  
John H. Austin
Keyword(s):  
Sand Filtration ◽  
Rapid Sand Filtration

scholarly journals The Vitamin A and D Exposure of Cells Affects the Intracellular Uptake of Aluminum Nanomaterials and Its Agglomeration Behavior: A Chemo-Analytic Investigation

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 1278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabian L. Kriegel ◽  
Benjamin-Christoph Krause ◽  
Philipp Reichardt ◽  
Ajay Vikram Singh ◽  
Jutta Tentschert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Consumer Products ◽  
Bioactive Substances ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Metabolic Pattern ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Keratinocyte Cell Line Hacat

Aluminum (Al) is extensively used for the production of different consumer products, agents, as well as pharmaceuticals. Studies that demonstrate neurotoxicity and a possible link to Alzheimer’s disease trigger concern about potential health risks due to high Al intake. Al in cosmetic products raises the question whether a possible interaction between Al and retinol (vitamin A) and cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) metabolism might exist. Understanding the uptake mechanisms of ionic or elemental Al and Al nanomaterials (Al NMs) in combination with bioactive substances are important for the assessment of possible health risk associated. Therefore, we studied the uptake and distribution of Al oxide (Al2O3) and metallic Al0 NMs in the human keratinocyte cell line HaCaT. Possible alterations of the metabolic pattern upon application of the two Al species together with vitamin A or D3 were investigated. Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) imaging and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) were applied to quantify the cellular uptake of Al NMs.

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