A stochastic model for daily residential water demand

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 1753-1767 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rudy Gargano ◽  
Carla Tricarico ◽  
Giuseppe del Giudice ◽  
Francesco Granata
Keyword(s):  
Stochastic Model ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Cumulative Distribution ◽  
Residential Water Demand ◽  
Residential Water

Residential water demand is a random variable which influences greatly the performance of municipal water distribution systems (WDSs). The water request at network nodes reflects the behavior of the residential users, and a proper characterization of their water use habits is vital for the hydraulic system modeling. This study presents a stochastic approach for the characterization of the daily residential water use. The proposed methodology considers a unique probabilistic distribution – mixed distribution – for any time during the day, and thus for any entity of the water demanded by the users. This distribution is obtained by the merging of two cumulative distribution functions taking into account the spike of the cumulative frequencies for the null requests. The methodology has been tested on three real water distribution networks, where the water use habits are different. Experimental relations are given to estimate the parameters of the proposed stochastic model in relation to the users number and to the average daily trend. Numerical examples for a practical application have shown the effectiveness of the proposed approach in order to generate the time series for the residential water demand.

scholarly journals Advances in the Economic Analysis of Residential Water Use: An Introduction

Water ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arnaud Reynaud ◽  
Giulia Romano
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Water Price ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Residential Water Demand ◽  
Residential Water Use ◽  
Household Water ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Residential Water

The aim of this Special Issue is to gather evidence on the impact of price policies (PP) and non-price policies (NPP) in shaping residential water use in a context of increased water scarcity. Indeed, a large body of the empirical economic literature on residential water demand has been devoted to measuring the impact of PP (water price increases, use of block rate pricing or peak pricing, etc.). The consensus is that the residential water demand is inelastic with respect to water price, but not perfectly. Given the low water price elasticity, pricing schemes may not always be effective tools for modifying household water behaviors. This is puzzling since increasing the water price is still viewed by public authorities as the most direct economic tool for inducing water conservation behaviors. Additional evidence regarding the use of PP in shaping residential water use is then required. More recently, it has been argued that residential consumers may react to NPP, such as water conservation programs, education campaigns, or smart metering. NPP are based on the idea that residential water users can implement strategies that will result in water savings via changing their individual behaviors. Feedback information based on smart water metering is an example of approach used by some water utilities. There are still large gaps in the knowledge on the residential water demand, and in particular on the impact of PP and NPP on residential water use, household water affordability and water service performance. These topics are addressed in this Special Issue “Advances in the Economic Analysis of Residential Water Use”.

The joint effect of water price changes and pressure management, at the economic annual real losses level, on the system input volume of a water distribution system

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 1069-1078 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vasilis Kanakoudis ◽  
Konstantinos Gonelas
Keyword(s):  
Water Demand ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Water Price ◽  
Pressure Management ◽  
Residential Water Demand ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
System Input ◽  
Real Losses ◽  
Residential Water

This study attempts to examine the factors affecting the residential water demand level in the city of Kozani in Greece. Based on an 8-year (2005–12) detailed sample of residential water demand panel data, the values of the water price (WP) elasticity of residential demand are identified, and the influence of socio-economic and demographic factors and climate conditions on water-use levels and trends are analyzed. The system's response in terms of system input volume is examined (through the simulation model developed for the network and a pressure management (PM) application) for different scenarios of increased and decreased WP levels. Various scenarios for the real losses were examined, starting from their current level (current annual real losses), down to their economic level (economic annual real losses) after implementing PM measures. The overall objective is to determine and record the overall reaction of consumers to the changing WPs as a result of the full water cost principle implemented.

scholarly journals Sectorization for Water Distribution Systems with Multiple Sources: A Performance Indices Comparison

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 131
Author(s):  
Jezabel D. Bianchotti ◽  
Melina Denardi ◽  
Mario Castro-Gama ◽  
Gabriel D. Puccini
Keyword(s):  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Performance Criteria ◽  
Performance Indices ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Multiobjective Problems ◽  
Open Questions ◽  
Minimum Number ◽  
And Performance

Sectorization is an effective technique for reducing the complexities of analyzing and managing of water systems. The resulting sectors, called district metering areas (DMAs), are expected to meet some requirements and performance criteria such as minimum number of intervention, pressure uniformity, similarity of demands, water quality and number of districts. An efficient methodology to achieve all these requirements together and the proper choice of a criteria governing the sectorization is one of the open questions about optimal DMAs design. This question is addressed in this research by highlighting the advantages of three different criteria when applied to real-word water distribution networks (WDNs). To this, here it is presented a two-stage approach for optimal design of DMAs. The first stage, the clustering of the system, is based on a Louvain-type greedy algorithm for the generalized modularity maximization. The second stage, the physical dividing of the system, is stated as a two-objective optimization problem that utilises the SMOSA version of simulated annealing for multiobjective problems. One objective is the number of isolation valves whereas for the second objective three different performance indices (PIs) are analyzed and compared: (a) standard deviation, (b) Gini coefficient and (c) loss of resilience. The methodology is applied to two real case studies where the first two PIs are optimized to address similar demands among DMAs. The results demonstrate that the proposed method is effective for sectorization into independent DMAs with similar demands. Surprisingly, it found that for the real studied systems, loss of resilience achieves better performance for each district in terms of pressure uniformity and demand similarity than the other two specific performance criteria.

Characterization of chemical composition and bacterial community of corrosion scales in different drinking water distribution systems

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haibo Wang ◽  
Chun Hu ◽  
Lang Yin ◽  
Sujia Zhang ◽  
Lizhong Liu
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Iron Release ◽  
Drinking Water Distribution Systems ◽  
Biochemical Function ◽  
Drinking Water Distribution ◽  
Corrosion Scales

There is a relationship between biochemical function and chemical composition of corrosion scales, and Fe3O4formation reduced iron release.

scholarly journals Estimation of Residential Water Demand with Imperfect Price Perception

2013 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 561-581 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie-Estelle Binet ◽  
Fabrizio Carlevaro ◽  
Michel Paul
Keyword(s):  
Water Demand ◽  
Residential Water Demand ◽  
Price Perception ◽  
Residential Water

scholarly journals Determinants of residential water demand in Germany

2009 ◽  
Vol 68 (6) ◽  
pp. 1756-1769 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joachim Schleich ◽  
Thomas Hillenbrand
Keyword(s):  
Water Demand ◽  
Residential Water Demand ◽  
Residential Water

scholarly journals Optimal placement of valves in a water distribution network with CLP(FD)

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 731-747 ◽  
Author(s):  
MASSIMILIANO CATTAFI ◽  
MARCO GAVANELLI ◽  
MADDALENA NONATO ◽  
STEFANO ALVISI ◽  
MARCO FRANCHINI
Keyword(s):  
Logic Programming ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Distribution Network ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Water Distribution Network ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Constraint Logic Programming ◽  
Optimal Placement ◽  
Isolation System

AbstractThis paper presents a new application of logic programming to a real-life problem in hydraulic engineering. The work is developed as a collaboration of computer scientists and hydraulic engineers, and applies Constraint Logic Programming to solve a hard combinatorial problem. This application deals with one aspect of the design of a water distribution network, i.e., the valve isolation system design. We take the formulation of the problem by Giustolisi and Savić (2008 Optimal design of isolation valve system for water distribution networks. InProceedings of the 10th Annual Water Distribution Systems Analysis Conference WDSA2008, J. Van Zyl, A. Ilemobade, and H. Jacobs, Eds.) and show how, thanks to constraint propagation, we can get better solutions than the best solution known in the literature for the Apulian distribution network. We believe that the area of the so-calledhydroinformaticscan benefit from the techniques developed in Constraint Logic Programming and possibly from other areas of logic programming, such as Answer Set Programming.

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